消费者法律保护若干问题研究

发布时间：2018-08-06 13:09

【摘要】：近年来，随着我国经济和社会的发展，保护消费者权益问题成为人们讨论、研究的热点课题。作为一名消费者和司法工作者，出于对自身乃至整个消费者群体权益保护问题的关注，笔者尝试着对消费者法律保护方面的若干问题进行了探讨，并提出了自己的一些观点。首先，应从消费者权益保护法的立法宗旨出发，并借鉴国际上通行的作法，把消费者界定为为非生产消费需要而购买、使用商品和接受服务的人，扩大《消法》的适用范围。但是，从《消法》的立法原意来看，消费者只能是自然人，单位在任何情况下都不能成为消费者。至于单位给职工办福利而购买商品或服务，如果因为商品或服务的质量等发生纠纷，职工应该以消费者的身份向经营者主张权利。由于消费者在市场交易中处于弱者地位，在经济发展中处于主权地位，立法上应突破传统民商法平等保护的原则，从经济法的角度对消费者予以特别保护，这样做，既符合公平目标，又符合效率目标。其次，当前保护消费者权益应着力制止欺诈行为。为此，，要正确理解《消法》中的惩罚性赔偿规定。在大陆法系，损害赔偿只是一种单纯的补偿性的民事法律制度。其基本的功能，是补偿侵权行为和违约行为的受害人因侵权行为和违约行为所遭受的财产损失。惩罚性赔偿从未被确认为民事责任的一种形式。在英美法系，惩罚性赔偿或者附加补偿性损害赔偿的惩罚性赔偿，时常用以表明法院或者陪审团对被告恶 WP=48 意的、野蛮的或严重的侵权行为之否定评价。《消法》所规定的惩罚性赔偿，借鉴了英美法系的作法，是我国民事立法的重大突破，加大了对经营者欺诈行为的制裁力度，应该在保护消费者权益中坚决地加以适用，只要经营者提供的商品或者服务存在欺诈行为，消费者就可以向其主张惩罚性赔偿。惩罚性赔偿的赔偿范围既应包括消费者所受到的财产损失，也应包括消费者所受到的精神损害，赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或者接受服务的费用的一倍。再次，对开发商销售商品房中的严重欺诈行为，消费者可以要求惩罚性赔偿；对消费者“知假买假”后要求惩罚性赔偿的行为，法律应予支持；对经营者“假一赔十”的承诺，消费者买到假货后，可以依法向经营者要求惩罚性赔偿，同时还可以依约向经营者要求十倍赔偿；对经营者的虚假广告，如果其对商品或者服务的有关信息的陈述符合《合同法》规定的要约的条件，那么只要消费者作为受要约人同意了要约并与经营者签订了消费合同，就有权以经营者欺诈为由，要求解除消费合同，并要求惩罚性赔偿；对医患关系，应当认定为消费关系，患者享有消费者的权利，在一定条件下，比如医院卖假药，消费者可以要求惩罚性赔偿。最后，消费者权益保护法要随着消费者权利的扩展而不断发展完善。消费者权利是人权的一部分，是消费者权益保护法的核心问题。消费者权利必然随着人权的发展而发展。对人权保护的强化，也必然要求对消费者权利保护的强化。随着时代的发展，消费者权利正逐渐扩展。《消法》列举的消费者的基本权利急需细化，同时应按照国际人权运动的发展趋势，把消费者应享有的其他人权也纳入法律保护范围之内。 WP=49 为了更好地保护消费者权益，在合同法领域中，应对经营者使用格式合同作出适当限制，明确规定经营者的先合同义务；在侵权行为法领域中，应确认经营者的精神损害赔偿责任，发生违约责任和侵权责任竞合时应允许消费者自由选择；在消费者权利司法救济方面，应完善民事程序制度和举证制度，如设立小额消费纠纷法庭、适用简易程序和特别程序、实行举证责任倒置等，为消费者提供更简便、更快捷、更有利的方式解决消费纠纷。只有这样，才能更有效地保护消费者的权益。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the development of China's economy and society, the protection of the rights and interests of consumers has become a hot topic for discussion and research. As a consumer and judicial worker, the author is trying to explore some problems in the protection of consumers' legal protection in order to pay attention to the protection of the rights and interests of the whole consumer group. To discuss, and to put forward some of his views.
First of all, we should start from the legislative purpose of the law on the protection of the consumer rights and interests, and draw on the current practices in the world, and define the consumer as the purchase of non productive consumption, the use of goods and services, and expand the scope of its application. However, from the original meaning of the legislation, consumers can only be natural persons and units in any situation. There is no consumer. As for the purchase of goods or services by the unit to the workers and workers, if the quality of goods or services is dissension, the workers should claim their rights to the operators in the status of the consumers. To break through the principle of equal protection in traditional civil and commercial law and give special protection to consumers from the angle of economic law is in line with both the goal of fairness and the goal of efficiency.
Secondly, the current protection of the rights and interests of consumers should be tried to stop the fraud. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly understand the punitive damages in the law of extinction. In the continental law system, the damage compensation is only a purely compensatory civil legal system. Its basic function is to compensate the victims of tort and breach of contract for tort and breach of contract. The loss of property. Punitive damages have never been recognized as a form of civil liability. Punitive damages in Anglo American legal system, punitive damages or additional compensatory damages are often used to show that the court or jury is evil to the defendant.
WP=48
It is a major breakthrough in the civil legislation of our country, which is a major breakthrough in the civil legislation of our country, and has increased the sanctions on the fraud of the operators, and should be firmly applied to the protection of the rights and interests of the consumers, as long as the commodity provided by the operator or The consumer can claim punitive damages for the presence of a person's service. The scope of the compensation for punitive damages should include both the loss of the property received by the consumer and the mental damage to the consumer, and the amount of the compensation is twice the cost of the consumer's purchase price or the cost of the person receiving the service.
Thirdly, the consumer can ask for punitive damages for the serious fraud in the sale of the commercial house by the developer; the law should be supported by the law when the consumer asks for punitive damages after "knowing false buying false". It may also require ten times compensation to the operator, and the false advertisement for the operator, if the statement of the information related to the goods or services conforms to the terms of the offer stipulated in the contract law, so that as long as the consumer agrees to the offer and has signed a consumption contract with the operator as the offeror, it has the right to take the operator's fraud as the reason. It requires the cancellation of the consumption contract and requires punitive damages; the relationship between doctors and patients should be considered as a consumer relationship, the patient enjoys the rights of the consumer, and under certain conditions, such as the hospital selling fake drugs, the consumer can ask for punitive damages.
Finally, the consumer rights protection law should continue to develop and improve with the expansion of consumer rights. Consumer rights are part of human rights and the core issue of consumer rights protection law. Consumer rights will inevitably develop with the development of human rights. The strengthening of human rights protection must also require the strengthening of the protection of consumer rights. With the development of the times, consumer rights are gradually expanding. The basic rights of consumers listed in the "elimination law" need to be refined. At the same time, the other human rights that consumers should enjoy should be included in the scope of legal protection in accordance with the development trend of the international human rights movement.
WP=49
In order to better protect the rights and interests of consumers, in the field of contract law, the operators should make appropriate restrictions on the use of format contracts and specify the first contract obligations of the operators. In the field of tort law, the operator's liability for compensation for mental damage should be confirmed, and the consumer should be allowed to choose freely when the liability for breach of contract and tort liability concurrence. In the judicial relief of consumer rights, the system of civil procedure and proof of proof should be perfected, such as the establishment of small consumer dispute tribunals, the application of simple procedures and special procedures, the inversion of the burden of proof and so on, so as to provide consumers with a more convenient, quicker and more favorable way to solve consumer disputes. Only in this way can we protect consumption more effectively. The rights and interests of the person.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：D923.8

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