论网络表达自由的规范与保护

发布时间：2018-06-04 07:44

本文选题：网络表达自由 + 民主　；参考：《吉林大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：表达自由与民主具有天然的联系，即实现民主是表达自由的终极目标，而表达自由又是民主价值的体现，两者相互依存。表达自由的价值在于，它首先营造了宽容的政治气氛，鼓励人们积极探求真理，并在探索的过程中完善自我，塑造独立的社会人格，使之有兴趣有能力参政议政，以行使其公民权利，并监督国家机器的运行，避免公权力的越矩和倾轧，并最终建立民主政治。因此，通过塑造公民个体，表达自由逐步实现了其从微观的人到国家机器再到宏观的民主政治的作用机制。在人类历史上，互联网首次实现了全球覆盖，因其划时代的意义而被称为继纸质、电波以及视频媒体之后的第四媒体。网络凭借其开放、匿名和互动性，开辟出了一个私人化、平民化、普泛化、自主化的平台，深化了传统表达自由的价值，这体现在：首先，网络扩大了表达自由的范围和个人的影响力，使得人们能够真正地畅所欲言，，摆脱了异化和边缘化的处境，并且自由地设置议程、参与议程，进而寻求更大程度的精神满足和自我实现；其次，在构建公民自我人格、深化自我实现的同时，网络容纳了更多数量的主体参与民主进程，有效培育了民主精神，养成了人民的民主心理，形成了以“网络反腐”为代表的网络监督机制，推动了民主政治的良性发展。但是网络表达自由的滥用也带来了对隐私权、公序良俗、国家安全以及社会秩序的冲击，因而政府要在法律的框架内，基于对个人利益和公共利益的保护，遵循一定的原则，对网络表达自由进行限制和规范，以保障权利能够更好地行使。遗憾的是，我国在表达自由的规范和保护上并没有制定单行的法律，对于网络表达自由的保障性立法也仍然处于空白阶段，网络表达自由也仍未被作为表达自由的一种全新类型纳入到基本权利的保障体系中。目前，以新闻出版总署、广电总局、工信部、公安部等多个部门都有权对涉网信息进行管理和审查，我国网络表达自由的立法也基本表现为这些部门颁布的部门规章或规定。从1994年至今，我国已颁布了以《计算机信息系统安全保护条例》为代表的20余部涉网法规和规章，立法数量之多、速度之快为世界罕见。但是这些规范性的内容都多有相似及重合，都只一味地强调政府的监管权和用户、ISP/ICP的义务，忽视了对网络表达自由的保护。其语言宽泛、模糊，有些甚至根本不具备法律的明确性。这种多头监管、肆意立法的现象，又降低了立法的权威，重合与矛盾之处更让执法者和守法者无所适从。以上种种都导致公权力在网络空间下不断扩张，公民的网络表达自由在重重监管、种种义务的包围下不断“缩水”，受到侵害之时无从获得救济。在扩大表达自由成为全球的一种趋势的背景下，我国的规范模式显得格格不入，既违背了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》等国际人权法的精神，也时常被国外媒体当作限制表达自由，攻击中国人权状况的借口。基于此，通过法律解释学、比较分析、实证分析等研究手段，本文首先对网络表达自由的内涵与外延进行了界定，明确了网络表达自由是表达自由的全新类型，并深入讨论了其相较于传统表达自由的独特价值；其次，在阐述了网络表达自由所引发的冲突的基础上，提出对于网络表达自由的规范应当符合法律保留原则、比例原则、明显而即刻的危险原则以及事后追惩原则，并对我国的规范现状提出了批判；最后，通过总结国外有借鉴意义的保护经验，结合我国国情，对网络表达自由保护的现状进行了反思，并提出完善网络自由的保护机制应当通过提高立法层级、减少封堵拦截、发展网络问政、进行行业自律等方式进行。没有表达自由，民主政治就无从谈起。网络表达自由体现了现代协商民主精神，政府应当加强保护，减少限制。
[Abstract]:Freedom of expression has a natural connection with democracy, that is, the realization of democracy is the ultimate goal of freedom of expression, and freedom of expression is the embodiment of democratic value, and the two are interdependent. The value of freedom of expression lies in the creation of a tolerant political atmosphere, encouraging people to actively seek truth, and perfecting themselves and creating independence in the process of exploration. The social personality makes it interested in the ability to participate in political and political affairs, to exercise its civil rights, to supervise the operation of the state machine, to avoid the moment and the rolling of public power, and to establish a democratic politics. Therefore, through the creation of individual citizens, the expression of freedom gradually realizes the role of the people from microviews to the national machine and then to the macro democracy. Mechanism.
For the first time in human history, the Internet has realized global coverage for the first time. Because of its epoch-making significance, it is known as the fourth media following paper, radio and video media. The network has opened up a platform of privatization, commonality, generalization and autonomy, which has deepened the value of the traditional freedom of expression by its opening, anonymity and interactivity. Now: first, the network expands the scope of freedom of expression and the influence of individuals so that people can truly speak out, get rid of the situation of alienation and marginalization, and freely set the agenda, participate in the agenda, and then seek a greater degree of spiritual satisfaction and self reality; secondly, to build a citizen's self personality and deepen the self reality. At the same time, the network has accommodated more and more subjects to participate in the democratic process, effectively nurtured the democratic spirit, formed the Democratic psychology of the people, formed a network supervision mechanism represented by "Network Anti-corruption", and promoted the benign development of democratic politics. But the abuse of the freedom of network expression also brought about the right to privacy, public order and good customs, and the country. The security of the family and the impact of the social order, therefore, the government should, in the framework of the law, be based on the protection of the interests of the individual and the public, and follow certain principles to restrict and standardize the freedom of expression of the network so as to ensure the better exercise of the rights.
Unfortunately, our country has not formulated a single line of laws on the norms and protection of freedom of expression. The guarantee legislation for the freedom of expression of the network is still in the blank stage, and the freedom of expression has not been incorporated into the guarantee system of basic rights as a new type of freedom of expression. The General Administration of electricity, the Ministry of industry and information, the Ministry of public security and other departments have the right to manage and review the information related to the network. The legislation of the freedom of expression of the network in our country is also basically shown by the department rules and regulations promulgated by these departments. Since 1994, China has promulgated more than 20 network related laws and regulations on the protection of the security regulations of the computer information system. Rules, the number of legislation, the speed of the world is rare. But these normative contents are all similar and overlap, all only emphasize the government's supervision and users, the obligations of the ISP/ICP, ignore the protection of the freedom of the network. Its language is broad, vague, and some even do not have the clarity of the law. The phenomenon of wanton legislation has reduced the authority of the legislature, and the overlap and contradiction make the law enforcement and law-abiding people incompatible. All of the above results in the expansion of public power in the cyberspace, the freedom of the citizens' network expression is under heavy supervision, and under the encirclement of various obligations, it is constantly "shrinking". In the context of expanding the trend of freedom of expression as a global trend, China's normative model is incompatible, violating the spirit of international human rights law, such as the International Covenant on Civil and political rights, and often used by foreign media as an excuse to restrict the freedom of expression and attack the rights of Chinese people.
Based on this, through legal hermeneutics, comparative analysis, empirical analysis and other research means, this paper first defines the connotation and extension of the freedom of network expression, clarifies that the freedom of network expression is a new type of freedom of expression, and discusses its unique value compared with the traditional expression. Secondly, it expounds the network expression self. On the basis of the conflict caused by it, it is proposed that the norms of freedom of expression of the network should conform to the principle of legal reservation, the principle of proportion, the obvious and immediate danger principle and the principle of post punishment after the post, and criticize the current situation of our country, and finally, by summarizing the experience of reference in foreign countries and combining with the national conditions of our country, the network has been combined with the national conditions of our country. The present situation of the protection of the free expression of the network is reflected, and the protection mechanism for improving the freedom of the network should be carried out by improving the legislative level, reducing the blocking interception, developing the network politics, and carrying out the self-discipline of the industry.
Without freedom of expression, democracy is impossible. The freedom of expression on the Internet embodies the spirit of modern deliberative democracy, and the government should strengthen protection and reduce restrictions.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D911

【参考文献】