人体器官捐献合同主体探究

发布时间：2018-05-09 17:18

本文选题：人体器官捐献合同 + 捐献主体　；参考：《天津商业大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：社会和科技的快速发展，促进了医学的进步。许多人因为器官捐献和移植而重获生命。但是，我国人体器官的供应和需求却极度不平衡，供需比例达到1:150。而解决器官供需不平的行之有效的方式就是，鼓励大众积极进行器官捐献，扩大器官来源。但是，现今器官捐献合同主体法律地位并不明晰。一方面，器官捐献合同接受主体不明确，使得捐献主体“欲捐无门”；另一方面，法律未对器官捐献主体的权利给予明确保护，直接影响了捐献主体的积极性，这就使得我国器官供需的大缺口无法有效弥补。因此，明晰人体器官捐献合同中主体的法律地位，明确该合同主体双方的权利义务，特别是明确器官捐献合同接受主体及保障器官捐献者的权利，都是现实中亟需解决的问题。本文运用规范分析、比较研究和文献研究等方法，主要从四个部分对人体器官捐献合同主体进行探究，意欲解决上述问题。本文第一部分首先对人体器官捐献合同和赠与合同加以辨析，二者区别在于赠与的标的不同，捐献主体的撤销权不同以及受赠人的损害赔偿权利不同。同时提出器官捐献合同主体存在的问题。第二部分主要对人体器官捐献主体进行了分析，详细论证了器官捐献主体（活体器官捐献主体和尸体器官捐献主体）的适格条件、进行器官捐献的理论基础及捐献主体应享有的权利。对于活体器官捐献主体的资格要求，以完全行为能力人为原则，例外情况下，未成年人也可以作为器官捐献的主体。活体器官捐献的理论基础是捐献主体的身体权。活体器官捐献主体应享有知情同意权、变更权和撤销权及健康保障权。尸体器官捐献中，近亲属作为尸体器官捐献特殊主体，必须是完全民事行为能力人。尸体器官捐献的理论基础是捐献主体对尸体享有所有权。尸体器官捐献主体也应享有知情同意权、变更和撤销权及对死者人格的尊重权。第三部分对器官接受主体进行了深入分析，明确了医疗机构和红十字会在不同情况下不同的主体地位，从而避免捐献主体“欲捐无门”的窘境。在活体器官捐献主体将器官捐献给特定对象的情况下，该人体器官捐献合同的接受主体不是医疗机构，而是接受器官的个体，医疗机构在此仅起着协助作用。在活体器官捐献主体将器官捐献给不特定对象的情况下，作为器官捐献合同的接受主体一般是红十字会。尸体器官捐献中，在捐献主体本人因患病住院的情形下，医疗机构是器官捐献合同的接受主体。而在捐献主体本人身体健康状况良好，并未生病住院的情形下，作为器官捐献合同的接受主体一般是红十字会。最后，，本文通过考察国外对器官捐献合同的相关规范，并结合我国现行规范存在的问题，从完善立法对合同主体的规范和建立配套的捐献激励机制两大方面提出了笔者对完善我国人体器官捐献合同主体规范的建议。
[Abstract]:The rapid development of society and science and technology has promoted the progress of medicine. Many people have been reclaimed from organ donation and transplantation. However, the supply and demand of human organs in our country is extremely unbalanced, with the ratio of supply and demand reaching 1: 150. The effective way to solve the problem of organ supply and demand is to encourage the public to make organ donation and expand organ source. However, the legal status of organ donation contract is not clear. On the one hand, the recipient of the organ donation contract is unclear, which makes the donor "want to donate without a door"; on the other hand, the law does not explicitly protect the rights of the organ donor, which directly affects the enthusiasm of the donor. This makes our country organ supply and demand big gap cannot make up effectively. Therefore, clarifying the legal status of the subject in the contract of human organ donation, clarifying the rights and obligations of both parties to the contract, especially the rights of the recipient of the contract of organ donation and the protection of the rights of the organ donor, are all problems that need to be solved in reality. By means of normative analysis, comparative study and literature study, this paper mainly explores the main body of human organ donation contract from four parts in order to solve the above problems. In the first part of this paper, the author distinguishes the contract of human organ donation and the contract of gift, the difference lies in the difference of the object of donation, the right of cancellation of the donor and the right of compensation for damages of the grantee. At the same time, the problems of the main body of organ donation contract are put forward. The second part mainly analyzes the main body of human organ donation, and demonstrates in detail the appropriate conditions of organ donation subject (living organ donor and cadaveric organ donor). The theoretical basis of organ donation and the rights to be enjoyed by the donor. The qualification requirement of living organ donation subject is based on the principle of full capacity person, in exceptional cases, minors can also be the main body of organ donation. The theoretical basis of living organ donation is the body right of donor. The donor of living organ should have the right of informed consent, right of alteration, right of cancellation and right of health protection. As a special subject of cadaveric organ donation, the near relatives must be the persons with complete civil capacity in organ donation. The theoretical basis of cadaveric organ donation is that the donor has the ownership of the corpse. The donor of cadaveric organs should also enjoy the right of informed consent, the right to change and cancel, and the right to respect the personality of the deceased. In the third part, the author makes a thorough analysis of the organ receiving subject, and clarifies the different subject status of the medical institution and the Red Cross Society under different circumstances, so as to avoid the dilemma of the donor subject "wanting to donate without a door". In the case of living organ donation subject donating organs to a specific object, the recipient of the organ donation contract is not a medical institution, but an individual organ recipient, and the medical institution only plays a assisting role here. As the recipient of organ donation contract, the main recipient of organ donation contract is the Red Cross Society. In cadaveric organ donation, medical institution is the recipient of organ donation contract. When the donor is in good health and is not ill in hospital, the recipient of the organ donation contract is generally the Red Cross Society. Finally, this paper examines the relevant norms of organ donation contracts in foreign countries, and combines the problems existing in the current norms of our country. In this paper, the author puts forward some suggestions on perfecting the regulation of the contract subject of human organ donation in China from two aspects: perfecting the legislation to regulate the contract subject and establishing the matching donation incentive mechanism.
【学位授予单位】：天津商业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D923.6;D922.16

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