德国《可再生能源法2014》及其最新修订研究

发布时间：2019-04-02 08:58

【摘要】：近年来,德国大力推进可再生能源发展,其可再生能源利用率处于世界领先水平,其发展在全世界具有鲜明的代表性。德国能够取得这样显著的成果与其政府扶持和法律政策紧密相连,尤其得益于以可再生能源法为核心的整个法律体系。德国《可再生能源法2014》(EEG-2014)于2014年8月1日正式颁布实施,是德国目前适用的法律版本,也是目前世界上现行的最先进最精细的可再生能源法。EEG-2014以实现能源供应的可持续发展为宗旨,在同时兼顾长期外部效应的前提下降低能源供应的国民经济成本,减少对传统化石能源的使用,促进可再生能源在能源供应中所占比重稳健提高,进一步推动可再生能源发电技术的利用和开发。EEG-2014主要包括通用规定,并网、购电、输电和配电,财政支持,平衡方案,透明度,法律保护和官方程序,发布法令、报告、过渡性规定的授权等7大部分,共104条加4个附件。其内容庞大条款复杂,规定全面完善且细致入微,可操作性极强,执行力极高,具有受欧盟法律约束、规划战略部署与调整机制、要求优先并网和EEG附加费、降低新建设备的资助额度、通过招标确定资助额度、规定直接销售义务、推行用电密集型企业分摊税减免政策、细化针对自产自销政策、作出现有投资的过渡性规定和提出未来规划等显著特点。随着实践的发展,EEG-2014也在不断进行修改变化。经过多次较大的修订完善,实施已久的固定上网电价补贴政策将被竞拍机制全面取代,新的竞拍系统将更加注重可再生能源发展的市场化和低成本,公开竞价将为可再生能源项目注入更多的活力。我国也在大力推进能源转型进程,采取多种措施促进可再生能源的开发与利用,并出台专门法律政策指引和保障可再生能源的发展。但是由于多方面原因我国的可再生能源发展较为缓慢,可再生能源法律体系还处于急需发展和完善的阶段。他山之石,可以攻玉。研究德国的先进经验,结合中国实际,建议注重科学严谨立法,提高法律规范的可操作性;逐步完善可再生能源发电的定价机制;明确相关法律主体的权利义务与法律责任;建立和完善公众参与制度;建立和完善监督管理体制;市场与计划相结合,推进可再生能源市场化发展。
[Abstract]:In recent years, Germany has made great efforts to promote the development of renewable energy, and its renewable energy utilization rate is in the leading level in the world, and its development is representative in the world. Germany's ability to achieve such remarkable results is closely linked to its government support and legal policies, particularly thanks to the entire legal system with a renewable energy law at its core. The German Renewable Energy Law 2014 (EEG-2014) was officially promulgated and implemented on 1 August 2014. it is the current applicable version of the law in Germany, EEG-2014 aims to achieve sustainable development of energy supply and reduce the cost of energy supply in the national economy on the premise of taking into account long-term external effects at the same time. Reduce the use of traditional fossil energy, promote a steady increase in the share of renewable energy in the energy supply, and further promote the utilization and development of renewable energy generation technologies. EEG-2014 mainly includes general provisions, grid-connection, and electricity purchase. Transmission and distribution, financial support, balance programs, transparency, legal protection and official procedures, issuance of decrees, reports, transitional provisions of the mandate, etc. 7 major parts, 104 articles plus 4 annexes. Its large-scale provisions are complex, comprehensive and detailed, highly operational, highly enforceable, and subject to EU law, planning for strategic deployment and adjustment mechanisms, and requiring priority to be connected to the grid and EEG surcharge. We will reduce the amount of funding for newly built equipment, determine the amount of funding through tender, stipulate direct sales obligations, implement a policy of tax reduction and exemption for electricity-intensive enterprises, and refine the policies for self-production and self-marketing. Make the transitional provisions of the existing investment and propose future planning and other salient features. With the development of practice, EEG-2014 is constantly changing. After a number of major revisions and improvements, the long-implemented fixed online tariff subsidy policy will be completely replaced by the auction mechanism, and the new auction system will pay more attention to the marketization and low cost of the development of renewable energy. Open bidding will inject more energy into renewable energy projects. China is also vigorously promoting the process of energy transformation, taking a variety of measures to promote the development and utilization of renewable energy, and promulgate special laws and policies to guide and ensure the development of renewable energy. However, due to many reasons, the development of renewable energy in our country is relatively slow, and the legal system of renewable energy is still in the stage of urgent development and perfection. The stone of other mountains can be used to attack jade. Based on the advanced experience of Germany and the reality of China, it is suggested to pay attention to scientific and rigorous legislation to improve the operability of legal norms, to gradually improve the pricing mechanism of renewable energy generation, to clarify the rights, obligations and legal responsibilities of the relevant legal subjects. Establish and perfect the public participation system; establish and perfect the supervision and management system; combine the market with the plan to promote the market-oriented development of renewable energy.
【学位授予单位】：华北电力大学(北京)
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D951.6;DD912.6

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