英美货币霸权演变及比较

发布时间：2018-05-01 08:01

本文选题：货币霸权 + 英美　；参考：《东北财经大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：国际货币体系产生于人类工业革命时期,伴随着早期殖民者的海外侵略和海外贸易推向全球,经历了两次世界大战,由崩溃到重建再到解散,直到今天的无体系的体系。其由金本位制走向美元本位制,再到如今的储备货币多元化的局面。从产生至今,国际货币体系已经发生了巨大的改变。当一国的综合实力较强时,该国货币就有了成为储备货币的基础,但这只是货币霸权的第一步,货币霸权的演变过程中,存在着太多的变数和不确定因素,霸权者制定了全方位的战略来配合货币霸权的实现,与其他国家的政治力量进行博弈。英镑霸权和美元霸权的演变过程中充满了反复,在这一历史进程中,金本位、银本位、复本位、美元本位轮番出场,并在后来某个历史时期又再度复活。布雷顿森林体系,石油美元,牙买加体系,贯穿其中的是货币霸权的角逐。这些国际货币制度和体系都是货币霸权实现的手段,而不是目的,看清这一点,就比较容易明白国际货币体系演变。在简单回顾了英镑霸权和美元霸权的历史后,本文分析了货币霸权形成的原因。得出以下结论：1.信用透支是货币霸权的渊薮,对信任的滥用造成了货币的滥发和霸权手段的使用2.充足的货币和完善的金融体系令货币的使用范围不断扩大。3.霸权货币也要以该国的生产和贸易为基础,以广阔的海外市场为依托,扩大货币使用范围。4.战争是国际货币体系中挥之不去的阴影,为了配合货币霸权,英美不惜多次参与和发动战争。5.英镑霸权与美元霸权的不同之处在于：英国为维持英镑霸权,侵略行为更明显。而美国的手段比较隐蔽,尤其是石油美元形成后,美国采取了看不见硝烟的币缘战略,以石油—粮食—美元为核心,配合国际话语权的争夺,达到维护美元霸权利益的目的。国际货币体系自创立以来,就不存在公平和正义,因为它是牟取霸权的工具,带有掠夺和殖民的味道。在新、老殖民者交替统治这一体系的过程中,维持霸权的手段也随着时代的变化和政治力量的对比而发生改变,并且对国际政治格局产生了深刻的影响。资本主义在这个过程中也由工业资本上升到了金融资本统治的阶段。但是不变的是殖民者不断扩张领土的野心和资本囤积居奇的本质。可以看出,不管是英国还是美国,信奉的一直都是殖民扩张,实力为王。所不同的是,美国更注重的是意识形态战和经济战,而不再像英国早期和美国早期那样明火执仗地抢,当然,必要的时候,它也会直接发动战争。但是战争的成本毕竟很高而且容易受到谴责,低成本的舆论控制和不易让人察觉的意识形态输入成为了配合美国币缘战略的新选择。美国深知一点：只要掌握了国际话语权,让其他国家不占有道德制高点甚至失声,维持货币霸权的成本低、效果好。美元早已成为债务货币,其实这一点从银行诞生的历史和英美中央银行诞生的历史中就可以看出来。现代银行体系,不管是英格兰银行还是美联储,都在进行信用货币创造,其他国家的中央银行也如此。但是美元霸权的霸道之处在于将这种信用无限放大而且赖债不还,这就引起了人们对美元霸权的不满。而美国依靠实力和舆论战迫使其他国家屈服于现状,这一点和英国当年的做法实质相同。因此,英美在货币霸权的争夺上采用的都是殖民掠夺的做法,变换的只是手段。如今,各方都在寻求构建新的国际货币体系,在当今的实力对比中,美国已经不能构成单极超级霸权,解决国际事务的趋势是大家商量着办。各方需要的是关键时刻摊牌的底气和人民的支持,重要的是认清霸权价值观的虚伪及霸权的套路,化解货币霸权存在的基础,构建公平的国际货币体系。
[Abstract]:The international monetary system came into being in the period of the human industrial revolution. Along with the overseas invasion and overseas trade of the early colonists, it went through the two World War, from collapse to reconstruction to disintegration, and to the unsystematic system of today. It was from the gold standard to the US dollar system, and then to the diversification of the reserve currency. Great changes have taken place in the international monetary system since its emergence.
When the comprehensive strength of a country is strong, the country's currency has the basis of the reserve currency, but it is only the first step of the monetary hegemony. There are too many variables and uncertainties in the evolution of monetary hegemony. The hegemonism has formulated a comprehensive strategy to cooperate with the realization of monetary hegemony and carries out with the political power of other countries. Play a game.
The evolution of sterling hegemony and US dollar hegemony is full of repetition. In this historical process, the gold standard, the silver standard, the compound standard, the dollar standard turn out and resurrected again in a certain historical period. The Bretton Woods system, the oil dollar, the Jamaica system, which run through the competition of monetary hegemony. These international monetary systems. It is easy to understand the evolution of the international monetary system. After a brief review of the history of sterling hegemony and US dollar hegemony, this paper analyzes the reasons for the formation of monetary hegemony after a brief review of the history of sterling hegemony and US dollar hegemony. The following conclusions are drawn: 1. the credit overdraft is the source of monetary hegemony, and the trust is trusted. Abuse caused the abuse of money and the use of hegemonic means and the use of 2. sufficient money and a perfect financial system to make the use of money constantly expanding the.3. hegemony currency, which is based on the production and trade of the country, relying on the broad overseas market, and expanding the use of.4. war in the international monetary system. In order to cooperate with monetary hegemony, the difference between British and American.5. Sterling hegemony and the hegemony of the United States dollar at many times is that British aggression is more obvious in order to maintain the hegemony of sterling, and the American means are more concealed, especially after the formation of oil dollars, the United States has taken the marginal strategy of invisible smoke, with oil grain. The core of the US dollar is to compete with the international discourse power to achieve the goal of maintaining the hegemony of the US dollar.
Since the creation of the international monetary system, there is no justice and justice, because it is a tool for hegemony, with the taste of plunder and colonization. In the process of alternately ruling this system by the old colonialists, the means of maintaining hegemony are also changed with the changes of the times and the contrast of political power, and the international political pattern is produced. It has a profound influence. In this process, capitalism has also risen from industrial capital to the stage of the rule of financial capital. But it is the invariable ambition of the colonists to expand their territory and the essence of capital hoarding. It can be seen that, in both Britain and the United States, the faith has always been colonial expansion and the power is king. The United States is more focused on Ideological and economic warfare than in the early British and early American wars, and of course, when necessary, it will also start a war. But the cost of the war is very high and easily condemned, low cost of public opinion and uneasily perceptible ideological input. In line with the new choice of the American currency strategy, the United States is well aware that the cost of maintaining monetary hegemony is low and the effect is good as long as the international discourse power is mastered, and other countries do not have the moral commanding point or even the sound.
The dollar has long been a debt currency, but it can be seen from the history of the birth of the bank and the history of the birth of the Anglo American central bank. The modern banking system, whether it is the Bank of England or the Federal Reserve, is doing credit money, and the central banks of other countries. This credit is infinitely magnified and the debt is not returned, which causes dissatisfaction with the hegemony of the dollar. The United States relies on strength and public opinion to force the rest of the country to yield to the status quo, which is essentially the same as that in the previous year. Paragraph.
Nowadays, all sides are seeking to build a new international monetary system. In the current strength comparison, the United States is unable to form a superhegemonic hegemony. The trend of solving international affairs is to deal with it. All parties need the foundation and the support of the people at the critical moment, and the most important thing is to recognize the hypocrisy and hegemony of hegemonic values. The way to resolve the existence of monetary hegemony is to build a fair international monetary system.

【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F821

【参考文献】