中国国家森林公园与美国国家公园规划建设与管理的比较研究

发布时间：2018-07-16 19:58

【摘要】：自从我国第一个国家森林公园张家界森林公园开始,我国开始对森林公园和森林旅游重视起来,并取得了相当的成就。经过30多年的不断发展完善取得了突出的成就,建立了具有一定特色的中国森林公园体系。但同时,我们的国家森林公园在规划建设与管理方面仍然存在着一定的不足,如在规划建设方面,没有专门的规划设计单位,规划设计的方法较为陈旧,规划对生态保护方面的重视程度不够,规划成果难以真正落到实处等：国家公园建设往往忽视了对生态环境的保护和当地居民的切身利益,急于求成,容易造成不可逆转的后果,建设的旅游服务设施等与环境不协调等问题等。又如在管理方面,管理体制多样性,多头管理现象突出,缺乏专业的管理机构；经营权和管理权部分,经营内容没有约束,管理力度不大,这都容易造成国家森林公园环境的破坏等。这些都严重影响着国家森林公园的高水平旅游竞争力和可持续发展目标的实现。在我国森林公园进入全面转型的关键时期,开展中国国家森林公园和美国国家公园规划建设与管理的比较研究,对于解决上述问题具有一定的现实意义。本文详细介绍了中国国家森林公园和美国国家公园的建设历史,全面系统地总结了美国国家公园和中国国家森林公园在规划建设与管理方面的发展情况,如在规划建设方面,美国国家公园规划由丹佛设计院统一规划设计,而我国森林公园规划则由各森林公园指定或招标确定规划设计单位,规划设计的成果鱼龙混杂,规划内容不规范,不利于森林公园的保护与建设；美国国家公园对园内的经营与建设有着详细的规定,很好地处理了资源保护与开发的矛盾,而我国森林公园规划建设往往不重视环境保护,容易造成公园建设破坏环境的现象,建设的旅游设施和服务项目也较为单一,不具有市场竞争力等。又如在管理方面,美国国家公园实行的是由美国国家公园局领导的垂直管理体制,而我国国家森林公园的管理体制则较为复杂,一般包括政府型、事业型、综合型和其他型等；美国国家公园一般较为偏僻,而我国森林公园附近往往居民众多,但社区的参与和管理不规范。最后以黄石国家公园和九寨沟国家森林公园为例进行详细分析。结合我国国家森林公园的现状和发展经验提出了具有中国特色的国家森林公园规划建设与管理建议,其主要包括以下五点：1规划建设注重公众参与,完善对项目评审的监督机制；2加大对区域内森林公园规划建设的投资和宣传力度,对其进行资源合理开发；3建设特色生态旅游项目,发挥环境教育的功能；4积极弘扬森林公园地域文化,在保护社区居民的利益基础上实行有效的社区管理。5针对部分森林公园一园多名的情况,协调好各相关单位的分工与管理,探索适合实际情况的管理体制。研究认为我国国家森林公园发展速度快,并积累了一定的成功经验,具有自身的特色和模式,在充分借鉴美国国家公园的基础上仍然应该充分考虑自身的实际,才能使我国的国家森林公园和森林旅游实现可持续发展,因此在总结国外经验的基础上加大对我国国家森林公园规划建设与管理相关领域的研究力度仍然十分重要和必要。
[Abstract]:Since the first country, Forest Park, the Forest Park, the Forest Park, Zhangjiajie, China began to attach importance to Forest Park and forest tourism, and achieved considerable achievements. After more than 30 years of continuous development and improvement, we have made outstanding achievements and established a China's Forest Park with certain characteristics. But at the same time, our national forest public There are still some shortcomings in the planning, construction and management of the garden. For example, there is no special planning and design unit in the planning and construction, the method of planning and design is more obsolete, the importance of the ecological protection is not enough and the planning results are not really put into real place. The construction of National Park often ignores the ecological environment. The protection and the local residents' vital interests, the urgent success, the irreversible consequences, the construction of the tourism service facilities and the uncoordinated environment, etc., such as in the management, the diversity of the management system, the prominent management phenomenon, the lack of professional management institutions, the management and management rights, and the lack of restrictions on the management content. The lack of management is easy to cause the destruction of the national Forest Park environment, all of which seriously affect the high level tourism competitiveness of national Forest Park and the realization of the goal of sustainable development. In the key period of the comprehensive transformation of Forest Park in China, the planning and construction of the national parks of China and the national parks of the United States and the United States are carried out. The comparative study of management has a certain practical significance to solve the above problems. This paper introduces the construction history of China National Forest Park and the National Park in detail, and summarizes the development of the planning, construction and management of American national parks and Chinese national Forest Park in a comprehensive and systematic way, for example, in the aspects of planning and construction, the United States and the United States. The national park planning is designed by the Denver Design Institute, while the planning of the Forest Park in China is determined by the Forest Park designation or bid to determine the planning and design units. The planning and design results are mixed, the planning content is not standardized, the Forest Park is not conducive to the protection and construction of Forest Park. The National Park is detailed in the management and construction of the garden. Fine provisions have dealt with the contradiction between resource protection and development, and the planning and construction of Forest Park in China often do not attach importance to environmental protection, easily cause the park construction to destroy the environment, the construction of tourism facilities and service projects are relatively simple, not market competitive and so on. In the management, the implementation of the National Park in the United States It is a vertical management system led by the National Park Bureau of the United States, while the management system of the national Forest Park in China is more complex, generally including government, cause, comprehensive and other types. The national parks in the United States are generally more remote, and the Forest Park in our country often occupies many people, but the participation and management of the community is not standardized. This paper takes Yellowstone National Park and Jiuzhaigou national Forest Park as an example to make a detailed analysis. Combined with the current situation and development experience of national Forest Park in China, it puts forward the proposals for the planning and management of national Forest Park with Chinese characteristics. It mainly includes the following five points: 1 planning and construction of the public participation to improve the supervision of the project evaluation Mechanism; 2 increase the investment and publicity of Forest Park planning and construction in the region, develop the resources rationally; 3 build special ecological tourism projects, play the function of environmental education; 4 actively carry forward Forest Park regional culture, implement effective community management.5 against some forest public on the basis of protecting the interests of community residents In the case of more than one garden, we should coordinate the division and management of the relevant units and explore the management system suitable for the actual situation. The research holds that China's national Forest Park has a fast development speed, and has accumulated certain successful experiences, and has its own characteristics and models. In order to realize the sustainable development of the national Forest Park and forest tourism in our country, it is still very important and necessary to strengthen the research on the related fields related to the planning, construction and management of our national Forest Park.
【学位授予单位】：四川农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：TU986.5

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