战略视野的转变及其哲学思考

发布时间：2018-04-12 17:10

本文选题：大战略 + 发展　；参考：《中共中央党校》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：在当前,伴随历史的发展和社会的进步,战略视野和战略思维得以扩展内涵。战略从军事领域逐渐扩展到政治、经济、文化等各个方面,成为人们日常话语的一部分。战略视野的转变是一个充满复杂性的历程,它使“大战略”理论进入人们的研究范围。“大战略”不是单纯的战略总和,亦不是某个具体方面的战略表达,它具有独特的结构和内容,是一片“神秘的处女地”,已成为研究热点问题。事实上,关于大战略的某些重要的基础问题亦是研究战略视野转变的核心内容,从源头上去追溯大战略理论及其发展的历程是不可忽略的研究问题。我们认为,相比于战略,大战略之“大”可以从三个方面分析:大手段——除军事手段之外,大战略的手段选择还包括政治、经济、文化等,在考虑实施战略的直接路线的同时,更重视间接路线;大目标——大战略的目标范围在横向上包括某一领域、某个阶段的目标,在纵向上考虑国家或组织的整体和长远目标;大协调——大战略需要对战略目标体系、战略手段体系,以及二者相互之间是否平衡进行恰当的协调。大战略源于战略,但又超脱于战略。如果以哲学的语言来阐述,可以将战略向大战略的转变解析为肯定—否定—否定之否定的三段论结构,这是一个螺旋上升的发展过程,揭示了战略视野转变的实质内涵。因而,我们引入哲学的方法和分析思路,站在战略哲学的高度对大战略理论进行内在的、深刻的剖析,试图总结出其本质、规律与价值,并对战略思维的扩展变化、战略思想的发展形态和重大战略决策的制定与实施作出预测和分析。具体来说,对战略视野转变的研究可以从以下四个方面进行。首先,大战略理论具有时代参照系,离不开时代变迁的影响,它是现代化发展到一定阶段的产物。工业革命带来的生产力大发展改变了社会历史的状态,也加速了战略的发展进程,使战略结构发生质变,自此开启了发展路径,这为大战略理论的产生奠定了基础。之后,两次世界大战促使人们对传统战略进行深刻的反思,战略以此为契机跃入大战略的范畴。在当今和平年代,全球化、信息化进一步使世界各国的命运息息相关,互利共赢成为常态。这些时代背景是战略视野转变的契机和支撑。其次,从理论变迁上讲,大战略理论是到20世纪初期才真正出现。在传统的战略理论中,虽然有大战略理论的萌芽和某些因素体现,但都是以战略为主体,并不属于真正的大战略理论。李德?哈特最先系统地论述了大战略及其价值。自此,战略经历了向总体战略、安全战略、国家战略和发展战略的转变。这些理论都不同程度地阐释了大战略思想。它们之间既有一脉相承之处,又各具特色,显示出大战略理论变迁的轨迹,为后文从战略哲学角度剖析大战略理论内涵打下了基础。再次,从战略实践的变化来看,整个20世纪的人类历史风起云涌,战略形态也一变再变。然而“万变不离其宗”,种种迹象表明,大战略从出场到占据主流体现在战略实践形态变化的轨迹之上。包括联合国、世界贸易组织、世界银行等在内的国际组织亦是大战略的主体,它们组成了全球性的大战略架构。大战略是大国的奢侈品,美国和中国可称为世界大国,这两者又有着对抗性,是非常具有代表性的战略对手。分别从这两个国家的重要历史节点,来观察两国的战略举措,可谓是理论研究的最佳实践验证。而这一切都表明,发展战略已经成为大战略的主要组成部分,也将是决定大战略走向的主要因素。因此,可以预见,未来世界将仍以发展为主题。对我们而言,这意味着应该把握发展机遇,努力使战略决策更为科学,实施创新驱动发展战略。最后,战略视野的转变不仅是理论和实践形态上的改变,更是内在本质的根本转换。从哲学的高度来思考,可以发现,大战略在根本上是战略思维进步理性的表现,是当代战略思维实现了价值理性与工具理性的统一的体现。大战略关注和平与民生,具有文明转向的特征,其价值根基在于“以人为本”。大战略的产生和发展与人类社会的发展进步有着某种一致性。发展既是社会的主题,也是大战略的主要形态。发展的根本在于人的发展,这意味着,人的自由而全面发展既是共产主义社会的本质和追求,也将是大战略的归宿。因而,可以看出,大战略理论从其产生之日起,就担负了解析和预见社会发展趋势的使命。大战略以其原则和价值指导着社会的前行,体现出大智慧的魅力和战略思维方式的重要性。社会发展的复杂化决定了战略思维的复杂性,对于制定和实施我国的大战略来说,我们必须以客观事实为基准,坚守战略思维,结合辩证方法,有大棋局的观念和前瞻性的意识,开拓创新,将社会主义建设事业向前推进,努力实现更高的战略目标,强化其系统性、预见性和创新性。
[Abstract]:At present, with the development of history and progress of the society, strategic vision and strategic thinking to expand the connotation. Strategy gradually expanded from the military field to the political, economic, cultural and other aspects, to become part of the daily discourse. Change the strategic vision is a very complex process, it makes the "big strategy" into the scope of the study. The theory of "grand strategy" is not a simple strategy combined expression was also not a specific aspect of the strategy, it has unique structure and content, is a "mysterious virgin", has become the research hot issues. In fact, some important problems on the basis of grand strategy it is the core content of the change of strategic vision, from the source to trace the course of strategic theory and its development is the study of the problem can not be ignored. We believe that, compared to the strategy, strategy of "big" from three Aspects of means -- in addition to military means, strategic choice of means including politics, economy, culture etc., considering the direct route to implement the strategy at the same time, pay more attention to the indirect route; target -- strategic target range in the transverse direction includes a field, a stage target, consider the overall and long-term target countries or organizations in vertical coordination; - strategic needs of strategic target system, strategy system, and the interaction of the two whether the balance between proper strategic coordination. From the strategy, but also beyond the strategy. If to explain the philosophy of the language can be transformed into the strategy analytical strategies for syllogism structure affirmation, negation, negation of negation, which is the development of a spiral process, reveal the connotation of the strategic vision of the transformation. Therefore, we introduce the method of Philosophy Analysis and thinking, stand in the strategic height on the strategic philosophy theory inherent and profound analysis, to sum up the essence of law and value, and expand the change of strategic thinking, development pattern and strategic decision of strategy formulation and implementation to make a forecast and analysis. Specifically, the study the strategic vision of the transformation can be carried out from the following four aspects. Firstly, strategic theory has reference effect cannot do without the changes of the times, it is the product of a certain stage of modernization. The industrial revolution brought the productivity development changed the social history of the state, but also accelerated the development process of the strategy. Strategic structure change, then opened the path of development, which laid the foundation for the strategic theory. After the two world war prompted a profound reflection on the traditional strategy, this strategy The opportunity into the grand strategy category. Globalization in today's era of peace, and further information make the world's fate, mutual benefit and win-win to become the norm. The background is the strategic vision of the transformation of the opportunity and support. Secondly, from the theory of change, strategic theory is to really appear in early twentieth Century. The traditional strategy theory although there are reflected, budding strategic theory and some factors, but are based on the strategy as the main body, does not belong to the real strategic theory. Reid? Hart first systematically discusses the strategy and value. Since this strategy has gone to the overall strategy, security strategy, national strategy and development strategy. These theories are different degrees of interpretation of the strategic ideas. They have the same place, and each has its own characteristics, shows the strategic theory of change, after the text from the strategic philosophy Analysis of strategic theory foundation. Thirdly, from the change of strategic practice, the twentieth Century human history strategy form is raging like a storm, change again. However, "same", there are indications that the grand strategy from appearance to occupy the mainstream body now strategic practice of morphological changes of the trajectory including the United Nations, the world trade organization, the world bank and other international organizations, is also the main strategy, they formed a global strategic framework. Grand strategy is the power of luxury goods, the United States and China can be called the world powers, both of them have a confrontation, is a strategic competitor very representative this important historical node. Respectively from two countries, to observe the strategic initiatives of the two countries, it is the best practice of theoretical research and verification. All this shows that the development strategy has become a major strategy Part, also will be the main factor to determine the strategic direction. Therefore, predictably, the future of the world will continue to develop the theme. For us, this means that we should grasp the opportunities for development, efforts to make a strategic decision more scientific, the implementation of innovation driven development strategy. Finally, the change is not only a theoretical and strategic vision the practice of morphological changes, it is a fundamental transformation of the intrinsic essence. To think, from the height of philosophy can be found, grand strategy is the strategic thinking progress rationality in essence, is the embodiment of contemporary strategic thinking to achieve rational value and rational tool. The strategic focus on peace and people's livelihood, has the characteristics of civilization turn, the value foundation is "people-oriented" strategy. The emergence and development of human society and the development of a consistent development is not only a social theme, the main form is the grand strategy State. The essence of development is human development, which means that the free and all-round development of human nature and the pursuit of communism is the society, will also be the strategic destination. Therefore, it can be seen that the strategic theory from its birth date, is responsible for parsing and foresee the development trends of social mission. The strategy is based on its principle and value guidance of social progress, reflects the importance of the charm of great wisdom and strategic thinking mode. Complex social development decides the complexity of strategic thinking, to develop and implement strategies of our country, we must take the fact as the basis, adhere to the strategic thinking, combined with dialectical method, concept and prospective game consciousness, innovation, will be the cause of socialist construction to move forward, to achieve the strategic objectives of higher, strengthen the system, foresight and innovation.

【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：C934

【参考文献】