群体效应及其对经济决策的影响
发布时间：2018-11-24 11:21
【摘要】：传统经济学理论建立在“经济人假说”基础之上,认为个体决策时会追求自身利益最大化。而人作为一种社会生物,经济决策的制定必然不可能是在孤立的情境下做出的,潜移默化中往往受到社会规范的影响,群体分类便是其中最重要的因素之一。 大量的事实证据和理论研究表明,人们在社会互动环境中的经济决策会受到不同群体分类的影响,往往表现出对内群体的宽容而对外群体的苛责,称之为内群体偏爱现象；而近年来越来越多的研究发现,人们在某些条件下的经济决策行为会表现出对内群体成员的苛责而对外群体成员的宽容,称之为害群之马效应。 为了探索群体效应是如何产生、如何从心理认知和行为选择两个层面去影响个体的经济决策,以及分化成两种不同效应的先决条件,本研究基于决策神经科学,通过设计最后通牒博弈模型,来比较个体在进行经济决策时,对于来自于群体内和群体外成员的公平/不公平报价的不同接受程度,并且尝试挖掘内群体偏爱和害群之马效应这两种完全不同的现象的先决条件,并运用事件相关电位技术,找到这种效应背后的脑神经基础,揭示大脑的思维活动过程。本研究得到以下三个结论： (1)在社会互动条件下,社会距离远近会对经济决策过程及结果产生影响。在身份呈现阶段,个体对社会距离近的同群体合作者投入更多的认知资源,从而诱发了更大波幅的P2成分；而在提案呈现阶段,群体分类影响公平感知,并且群体分类对公平感的不同水平有着不同的作用效果,表现在群体和公平感的FRN波幅均存在显著的交互作用。行为层面,个体对于来自同群体成员的不公平分配方案的接受率更高,表现出明显的同群体偏好倾向。 (2)个体对分配意图的主观感知会对群体效应产生调节作用,该发现证实了基于群体的社会规范在社会互动中起到重要作用,并且找到了传统观念中普遍存在的内群体效应成立的一个边界条件。感知非恶意组(未违背基于群体的社会规范)的个体心理认知上体现出典型的内群体偏好现象,表现在面对同群体成员提出的不公平分配方案时比面对非同群体成员诱发了更小波幅的FRN成分；而感知恶意组(违背了基于群体的社会规范)的个体心理认知上体现出典型的害群之马效应,表现在面对同群体成员提出的不公平分配方案时比面对非同群体成员诱发了更大波幅的FRN成分. (3)心理认知过程与行为选择结果的分离。个体在对分配意图的不同主观判断会导致心理认知上产生截然相反的群体效应,但在行为选择上行为选择上均一致地呈现出对于同群体成员的偏好,这一发现从侧面反映了决策行为是在特定情形下克服情感冲动后做出的理性选择。
[Abstract]:The traditional economic theory is based on the hypothesis of "economic man". However, as a kind of social organism, economic decision making must not be made in an isolated situation, and it is often influenced by social norms in the process of imperceptible influence. Group classification is one of the most important factors. A large number of factual evidence and theoretical studies show that economic decision-making in the social interaction environment will be affected by different groups classification, often showing tolerance to the internal group and harsh criticism of the external group, which is called the phenomenon of inner group preference; In recent years, more and more studies have found that people's economic decision-making behavior under certain conditions will show harsh criticism to the members of the internal group and tolerance of the members of the external group, which is called the black sheep effect. In order to explore how group effect is produced, how to influence individual economic decision from two aspects of psychological cognition and behavior choice, and how to differentiate into two different effects, this study is based on decision neuroscience. The ultimatum game model is designed to compare the different acceptance of fair / unfair quotes from both within and outside the group when individuals make economic decisions. We also try to explore the preconditions of the two completely different phenomena, group preference and black sheep effect, and use event-related potential technology to find the brain neural basis behind this effect and to reveal the process of brain thinking activity. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) under the condition of social interaction, social distance affects the economic decision-making process and results. In the stage of identity presentation, individuals devote more cognitive resources to the cooperators who are close to the same group, thus inducing the P2 component with greater amplitude; In the stage of proposal presentation, group classification affects the perception of fairness, and group classification has different effects on different levels of fairness, which is reflected in the significant interaction between the FRN amplitude of group and fairness. At the behavioral level, the acceptance rate of the unfair distribution scheme from the same group members is higher, showing obvious tendency of the same group preference. (2) the subjective perception of individual intention of distribution can regulate the group effect, which proves that social norms based on group play an important role in social interaction. A boundary condition is found for the existence of the inner group effect in the traditional concept. The perception of non-malicious groups (not violating the social norms based on the group) reflects the typical phenomenon of inner group preference. In the face of the unfair distribution scheme proposed by the members of the same group, a smaller amplitude of FRN component is induced than that of the non-members of the same group. The perception of malicious groups (which violate the social norms based on the group) reflects the typical black sheep effect. In the face of the unfair distribution scheme proposed by the members of the same group, the FRN component is more volatile than that of the non-members of the same group. (3) the separation between psychological cognitive process and behavior choice. Different subjective judgment of distribution intention leads to the opposite group effect in psychological cognition, but the preference for the members of the same group is shown uniformly in the behavior choice. This finding reflects that decision-making is a rational choice made after overcoming emotional impulses in certain situations.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：C934;C912.2
本文编号：2353503
[Abstract]:The traditional economic theory is based on the hypothesis of "economic man". However, as a kind of social organism, economic decision making must not be made in an isolated situation, and it is often influenced by social norms in the process of imperceptible influence. Group classification is one of the most important factors. A large number of factual evidence and theoretical studies show that economic decision-making in the social interaction environment will be affected by different groups classification, often showing tolerance to the internal group and harsh criticism of the external group, which is called the phenomenon of inner group preference; In recent years, more and more studies have found that people's economic decision-making behavior under certain conditions will show harsh criticism to the members of the internal group and tolerance of the members of the external group, which is called the black sheep effect. In order to explore how group effect is produced, how to influence individual economic decision from two aspects of psychological cognition and behavior choice, and how to differentiate into two different effects, this study is based on decision neuroscience. The ultimatum game model is designed to compare the different acceptance of fair / unfair quotes from both within and outside the group when individuals make economic decisions. We also try to explore the preconditions of the two completely different phenomena, group preference and black sheep effect, and use event-related potential technology to find the brain neural basis behind this effect and to reveal the process of brain thinking activity. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) under the condition of social interaction, social distance affects the economic decision-making process and results. In the stage of identity presentation, individuals devote more cognitive resources to the cooperators who are close to the same group, thus inducing the P2 component with greater amplitude; In the stage of proposal presentation, group classification affects the perception of fairness, and group classification has different effects on different levels of fairness, which is reflected in the significant interaction between the FRN amplitude of group and fairness. At the behavioral level, the acceptance rate of the unfair distribution scheme from the same group members is higher, showing obvious tendency of the same group preference. (2) the subjective perception of individual intention of distribution can regulate the group effect, which proves that social norms based on group play an important role in social interaction. A boundary condition is found for the existence of the inner group effect in the traditional concept. The perception of non-malicious groups (not violating the social norms based on the group) reflects the typical phenomenon of inner group preference. In the face of the unfair distribution scheme proposed by the members of the same group, a smaller amplitude of FRN component is induced than that of the non-members of the same group. The perception of malicious groups (which violate the social norms based on the group) reflects the typical black sheep effect. In the face of the unfair distribution scheme proposed by the members of the same group, the FRN component is more volatile than that of the non-members of the same group. (3) the separation between psychological cognitive process and behavior choice. Different subjective judgment of distribution intention leads to the opposite group effect in psychological cognition, but the preference for the members of the same group is shown uniformly in the behavior choice. This finding reflects that decision-making is a rational choice made after overcoming emotional impulses in certain situations.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：C934;C912.2
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