论李光地八股文批评中的理学立场

发布时间：2018-05-05 12:18

本文选题：科举 + 理学　；参考：《河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2017年02期

【摘要】：明末清初,正是八股文由全面衰颓到振衰起弊的一个阶段。一方面,科举延至清初,在千余年历史传承的同时,其制度本身的各项弊端也于此时暴露无遗。明末士子为求中式而巧用机法,通过以记诵预先"拟题"之文,或以"程墨""房稿"等时文范本应试的方式,达到了投机中第的现实收益。加之天启、崇祯以来相当一部分士子厌弃程朱理学,疏离现实,且游学无根,使他们的八股文尤显"竞尚浮华,疏浅无味",以致落有"庸靡臭腐"之讥。另一方面,这一时期也有一些士子有感于明末社会学术空疏、士人思想涣散的教训,他们心思纯正,勤勉向学,以程朱理学和经世实学为道德、文章之本,其八股文从内容到格式皆恪守"成弘正统"。李光地即是这一类士子的体现。在理论批评上,李光地论八股首重经学和理学根底,注重对儒家义理的阐发,分别从"理""法""辞""气"四个角度,将八股文批评与理学研究合二为一,提倡八股文以发明义理、阐释经义为第一要义,强调八股文有用于社会的文体功能意义。在创作上则以"清醇"、"本色"为标举,主张以程朱理学的思想作为八股文创作、批评的标准,显现出融冶经史、义理鸿博的文风特征,在对清初八股文的繁荣景象起到了积极作用的同时,也为之后以学问、考据见长的有清一代八股文特色的形成奠定了基础。
[Abstract]:In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, it was a stage in which the eight-part articles were decayed by vibration and decay. On the one hand, the imperial examination was extended to the beginning of Qing Dynasty. In the late Ming Dynasty, Shizi skillfully used the method of machine in order to seek Chinese style, by memorizing the text of "drawing up the title" in advance, or by using "Cheng Mo" draft of room "and other methods of examination-oriented, the real profit of speculation was achieved. In addition, since the apocalypse, Chongzhen quite a number of scholars abandoned Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism, alienated from reality, and the rootless travel study, so that their eight-part article is particularly "still flashy, shallow tasteless", so that there is a "vulgar stink rot." On the other hand, in this period, there were also some scholars who felt that in the end of the Ming Dynasty, they had learned the lessons of the emptiness of the society and the scholars' thoughts. They had a pure mind and worked diligently to learn, taking Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism and the practical study of the world as the moral basis of the article. Its eight-part articles from the content to the format are strictly adhered to "Cheng Hong orthodoxy." Li Guangdi is the embodiment of this kind of scholar. In terms of theoretical criticism, Li Guangdi's theory of stereotyped writing lays stress on the foundation of classics and Neo-Confucianism, and pays attention to the elucidation of Confucian justice and theory. From the four angles of "reason", "law" and "ci" and "qi", Li Guangdi combines the criticism of eight-part essay with the study of Neo-Confucianism. To advocate the doctrine of invention, explain the meaning of the classics as the first meaning, and emphasize the stylistic function of the eight-part essay for the society. On the other hand, it is marked by "clear and refined" and "natural color". It advocates the idea of Neo-Confucianism of Cheng Zhu as the writing standard of the eight-part essay, and the standard of criticism, showing the characteristics of the literary style of melting the Classics history and Yili Hongbo. It played a positive role in the prosperity of the eight-part essay in the early Qing Dynasty and laid a foundation for the formation of the characteristics of the eight-part essay of the Qing Dynasty.
【作者单位】：武汉大学文学院;
【分类号】：I206.2

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