建筑若干典型区域的人员疏散规律及疏散策略优化研究

发布时间：2019-02-20 08:49

【摘要】：本文利用多种疏散研究方法对建筑若干典型区域的人员疏散规律和疏散策略优化问题展开了系统研究,希望能够为建立完善疏散应急预案和优化建筑疏散结构设计提供科学支持。首先,选取某学校真实地震时的教室监控视频,通过视频追踪研究多障碍物教室紧急情况下人员的应急反应能力、出口选择比例、出口流量以及疏散运动时间等疏散规律。结果表明:学生能否及时躲避取决于老师能否对地震做出及时反应并引导自救行为;撤离过程出现明显的"领导—追随"行为,老师占据的位置和疏散引导方向直接导致学生出现明显不均衡的出口选择比例;各教室的单位时间出口流量总体都遵循先增加至峰值后减小的波动变化趋势,流量变化差异和教室的座位布置、人员初始分布以及疏散领导者的位置及行为有关;疏散人数与疏散时间之间满足线性增长关系;统计了不同座位处学生的疏散时间,总体随着初始位置到出口距离的增加而波动增加。然后,利用Pathfinder软件模拟研究出口门扇开启角度、楼梯梯段转角以及楼梯梯形对人员疏散效率的影响,得到有利于人员疏散的优化条件:朝室内开启的房间门,单扇门门扇开启角度为135°,双扇门门扇开启角度在105°～135°时,对应最有利的疏散条件。双跑楼梯梯段转角超过135°后疏散时间会大幅增加。正常情况下剪刀式楼梯疏散最快,双分平行楼梯和单跑楼梯疏散效果次之且接近,双跑平行楼梯疏散最慢;但是当楼梯间存在障碍物时,双跑平行楼梯对意外的适应能力最强,剪刀式楼梯对意外的适应能力最差。最后,选择了一种可行性较强的电梯楼梯协同人员疏散模式:电梯仅在某直达层停靠,停靠层及以上楼层人员使用电梯疏散而以下楼层人员通过楼梯疏散。对该模式进行数学建模,通过编程计算得到电梯最优停靠层。进而进行了相关参数对协同疏散最优模式的影响研究,结果表明:对于确定建筑,使用此模型可以迅速直接得出该模式下的电梯最优停靠层和协同疏散时间;在每层疏散人数均匀分布的条件下,电梯最优停靠层不受疏散人数影响,随建筑高度增加呈线性增长,随电梯最大承载量增加呈阶梯式下降,随电梯平均运行速度增加呈阶梯式下降;协同疏散时间随疏散人数增加呈线性增长,随建筑高度增加呈线性增长;最优停靠层的阶梯式下降会造成协同疏散时间呈现波动下降。
[Abstract]:In this paper, the evacuation law and the optimization of evacuation strategy in some typical areas of buildings are studied systematically by using various evacuation research methods. It is hoped that it can provide scientific support for the establishment and improvement of evacuation emergency plan and the optimization of building evacuation structure design. Firstly, the classroom surveillance video of a school real earthquake is selected to study the emergency response ability, exit selection ratio, exit flow rate and evacuation movement time of multi-obstacle classroom emergency by video tracking. The results show that whether the students can avoid the earthquake in time depends on whether the teacher can make a timely response to the earthquake and guide the self-rescue behavior; The obvious "leader-follow" behavior appeared in the evacuation process, and the position occupied by the teacher and the direction of the evacuation guide directly led to the obvious imbalance of the exit selection ratio of the students. The flow rate per unit time of each classroom generally follows the fluctuating trend of increasing to the peak at first and then decreasing. The variation of flow rate is related to the seating arrangement of the classroom the initial distribution of personnel and the position and behavior of the evacuation leader. The evacuation time of students in different seats increased with the increase of the distance from the initial location to the exit. Then, the influence of exit door opening angle, staircase corner and staircase trapezoid on evacuation efficiency is simulated by using Pathfinder software. When the opening angle of single door is 135 掳, and the opening angle of double door is 105 掳~ 135 掳, the most favorable evacuation conditions can be obtained. The evacuation time will be greatly increased after the angle of double running staircase is over 135 掳. Under normal conditions, scissors staircase evacuation is the fastest, double parallel staircase and single running staircase evacuation effect is the second and close, double running parallel staircase evacuation is the slowest. However, when there are obstacles in the stairway, the adaptability of the double running parallel stairs to accidents is the strongest, and that of scissors stairs to accidents is the worst. Finally, a feasible elevator staircase evacuation mode is selected: the elevator only stops on a direct floor, the people on the floor and above use the elevator to evacuate, and the lower floor evacuates through the staircase. The mathematical model is established and the optimal berthing layer of elevator is obtained by programming. Furthermore, the influence of related parameters on the optimal mode of cooperative evacuation is studied. The results show that the model can be used to determine the building quickly and directly to obtain the optimal parking floor and cooperative evacuation time of the elevator under the mode; Under the condition of uniform distribution of evacuees on each floor, the optimal parking floor of the elevator is not affected by the evacuation number, and increases linearly with the increase of building height, and decreases in step with the increase of the maximum carrying capacity of the elevator. With the increase of the average running speed of the elevator, it decreases step by step. The coordinated evacuation time increases linearly with the number of evacuees and increases linearly with the increase of building height.
【学位授予单位】：中国科学技术大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TU998.1

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