青少年早期的同伴侵害：发展轨迹、相关因素及性别差异

发布时间：2018-05-05 18:38

  本文选题：同伴侵害 + 发展轨迹　； 参考：《山东师范大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：同伴侵害（peer victimization）是指儿童遭受来自同伴的攻击的经历。在儿童青少年阶段同伴侵害现象十分普遍，并且对受侵害者有多方面的消极影响和危害。尽管随着攻击与欺负研究的蓬勃发展，同伴侵害领域的研究越来越丰富，但目前同伴侵害的研究中仍存在若干局限。首先，从研究取向来看，在过去的二三十年中，研究者对同伴侵害的探讨主要关注两个方面：一是同伴侵害对个体适应的影响；二是与同伴侵害相关的危险因素。相比之下，研究者则较少关注同伴侵害的其他方面，，特别是缺乏对同伴侵害发展特点的探讨。其次，从研究对象来看，研究者更多探讨幼儿期以及童年期的同伴侵害现象，对青少年期的同伴侵害的研究则较少。最后，迄今为止，有关同伴侵害的研究多数是在西方文化背景下进行的。只是在最近几年，少数研究者才开始关注中国儿童的同伴侵害问题（Schwartz,Chang, Farver, 2001；张文新等, 2009）。 鉴于上述考虑，本研究的主要目的是，采用追踪设计考察中国文化背景下青少年早期同伴侵害的发展特点、相关因素以及相应的性别差异。具体来讲，本文分三个实证研究来考察这些问题。研究一考察了身体侵害、关系侵害的发展与共同发展；研究二考察了个体行为因素、人际因素与同伴侵害间的关系模式及作用机制；研究三考察了攻击性受侵害者与被动受侵害者的发展变化。在上述三个研究中，本文也分别探讨了同伴侵害的发展轨迹和相关因素等方面的性别差异。 本研究的被试来自一项大型追踪研究，共计2164人（其中男生1126人）。被试自小学五年级起追踪至八年级，每年测量一次，共计四次。本研究采用自我报告法测量了儿童的同伴侵害、社交退缩、焦虑/抑郁，采用同伴提名法测量儿童的身体/关系攻击和同伴拒绝。运用SPSS13.0、MPLUS 6.0等软件进行数据分析，具体研究结论如下： 1、在同伴侵害的发展特点方面，本研究发现： （1）青少年早期的身体侵害、关系侵害均呈中等程度的稳定性；身体侵害与关系侵害均表现出线性下降趋势。 （2）在身体侵害方面，本研究发现了四条不同的发展轨迹，分别是：持续高侵害组（1.5%）、中等—略降组（14.2%）、持续低组（51.8%）和未受侵害组（32.5%）。在关系侵害方面，本研究发现了五条亚组发展轨迹，分别是：持续高侵害组（1.0%）、高—下降组（4.8%）、低—上升组（8.3%）、持续低侵害组（44.8%）和未受侵害组（41.1%）。 （3）在上述轨迹分析的基础上，本研究共发现了三类、11条可能的身体侵害与关系侵害的共同发展轨迹。这三类分别是无侵害或低侵害轨迹、非共发性中高侵害轨迹和共发性的中高侵害轨迹。 （4）同伴侵害发展轨迹的性别差异主要表现为水平的差异，而其发展趋势并无显著的性别。 2、在同伴侵害发展轨迹的相关因素方面，本研究发现： （1）早期的身体攻击、关系攻击、社交退缩、焦虑/抑郁、同伴拒绝的水平越高，儿童越可能属于高水平的身体侵害或关系侵害轨迹组。关系侵害的下降趋势与各相关因素的发展趋势无关；但关系侵害的上升趋势与身体攻击、关系攻击、社交退缩、焦虑/抑郁、同伴拒绝的上升趋势有关。 （2）身体攻击和社交退缩构成了双重受侵害者的典型特征；但在遭受单一类型同伴侵害的情况下，高身体攻击的女生有同等可能性遭受身体侵害和关系侵害，高社交退缩的男生和女生更可能遭受关系侵害。 （3）同伴侵害预测因素的性别差异主要表现为身体攻击只能预测女生的身体侵害轨迹，而社交退缩只能预测男生的身体和关系侵害轨迹。 3、在同伴侵害与其相关因素间的关系模式方面，本研究发现： （1）攻击与同伴侵害间的关系存在明显的年龄效应和生态过渡效应。在小学高年级阶段，攻击与同伴侵害间的联系较弱，基本不能相互预测；但在生态过渡阶段和初中阶段，攻击与同伴侵害间存在相互作用的关系模式，即身体攻击能显著正向预测一年后的身体侵害，关系攻击能显著正向预测一年后的关系侵害，反之亦然。 （2）社交退缩、同伴拒绝、焦虑/抑郁与身体/关系侵害是单向影响的关系模式，具体表现为社交退缩、同伴拒绝能显著正向预测一年后的身体/关系侵害，关系侵害能显著正向预测一年后的焦虑/抑郁。 （3）同伴拒绝在攻击行为对同伴侵害的预测中起着中介作用；但在社交退缩方面，在不同的年龄段，同伴拒绝的中介效应模式并不完全一致，这一中介作用仅存在于五至七年级这一时间间隔内。 4、在攻击性受侵害者与被动受侵害者的发展特点方面，本研究发现： （1）总体上，身体侵害方面的攻击性受侵害者约占6.1~8.6%，被动受侵害者约占16.5~22.3%；关系侵害方面的攻击性受侵害者约占7.6~8.2%，被动受侵害者约占12.1~17.0%。 （2）进一步的分析发现，在身体侵害方面，38.4~49.6%的个体为稳定的攻击性受侵害者，38.5~51.4%的个体为稳定的被动受侵害者；在关系侵害方面，42.3~52.1%的个体为稳定的攻击性受侵害者，30.6~47.5%的个体为稳定的被动受侵害者。 （3）总的来说，在小学阶段和初中低年级阶段，攻击性受侵害者中多数个体会保持稳定，其次是发展为攻击者、被动受侵害者或一般儿童；但在生态过渡阶段，攻击性受侵害者有近乎同等的可能性发展为稳定的攻击性受侵害者、被动受侵害者、攻击者或一般儿童。 （4）总体上，无论是关系侵害还是身体侵害，在青少年早期的这三个发展阶段上，被动受侵害者中有同等比例的个体会保持稳定或发展为一般儿童，且这两种发展模式所占比例很大（约80~90%）。但在过渡阶段，被动受关系侵害者中约有一半会发展成为一般儿童，仅约三分之一的个体保持较稳定的受侵害者身份。 （5）性别差异主要表现为两类受侵害者中人数比例的差异：无论是身体侵害还是关系侵害，各年级的攻击性受侵害者中男生均多于女生；在身体侵害方面，各年级的被动受侵害者中男生均多于女生；在关系侵害方面，被动受侵害者中男生多于女生或大致等同。总体上，攻击性受侵害者与被动受侵害者的发展模式也具有性别一致性。
[Abstract]:Peer - to - peer abuse is the experience of children suffering from peer - to - peer attacks . Peer - to - peer abuse is widespread in children and adolescents , and there are a number of limitations in peer - to - peer research . Although there are a number of limitations in peer - to - peer research with the vigorous development of attacks and bullying , researchers have focused on two aspects : one is the impact of peer abuse on individual adaptation .
Second , the researchers are less concerned about other aspects of peer abuse , especially the lack of peer - to - peer violence . Secondly , the researchers looked at peer - to - peer abuse in early childhood and childhood , especially in the context of Western culture . In the last few years , only a few researchers have begun to focus on peer - to - peer abuse in Chinese children .
Zhang Wenxin et al . , 2009 ) .
In view of the above considerations , the main purpose of this study is to investigate the development characteristics , related factors and corresponding gender differences of early childhood peer abuse in Chinese cultural background using tracking design .
The relationship between individual behavior factors , interpersonal factors and peer - to - peer relationships was investigated .
In the above three studies , the gender differences of the development locus and related factors of peer abuse are also discussed in this paper .
This study was conducted from a large - scale follow - up study , a total of 2,164 ( including 1126 males ) . The study was followed up from Grade 5 to Grade 8 with a total of four times a year . The study used self - reporting to measure peer - to - peer abuse , social withdrawal , anxiety / depression , peer - to - peer nomination to measure the physical / relationship attacks and peer rejection of children . The data were analyzed using software SPSS 13.0 , MPLS 6.0 , etc . The specific findings were as follows :
1 . In the aspect of peer - to - peer development , the study found that :
( 1 ) At the early stage of adolescence , the physical invasion and the relation infringement were of moderate degree ;
Both physical invasion and relationship violated the trend of linear descent .
( 2 ) In terms of bodily harm , four different developmental trajectories were found in this study : sustained high attack group ( 1.5 % ) , medium - slightly lower group ( 14.2 % ) , sustained low group ( 51.8 % ) and uncompromised group ( 32.5 % ) . In relation to the relation , the study found five sub - group development trajectories , which were : sustained high attack group ( 1.0 % ) , high - descending group ( 4.8 % ) , low - ascending group ( 8.3 % ) , sustained low - invasion group ( 44.8 % ) and uncompromised group ( 41.1 % ) .
( 3 ) On the basis of the above - mentioned trajectory analysis , the common development locus of three types and 11 possible physical violations and relationships was found in this study . These three types are non - invasive or low - invasive loci , non - co - spontaneity high - invasion trajectories and co - spontaneity high - invasion trajectories , respectively .
( 4 ) The sex difference of peer - to - development locus is mainly manifested as the level difference , and its development trend is not significant gender .
2 . In the related factors of peer - to - development trajectories , the study found that :
( 1 ) The higher the early body attack , the relation attack , the social withdrawal , the anxiety / depression , the higher the peer ' s refusal , the more likely the child belongs to a high level of bodily harm or relation to the locus group . The downward trend of the relationship is not related to the development trend of the relevant factors ;
But the rising trend of the relationship is related to physical attacks , relationship attacks , social withdrawal , anxiety / depression , and peer - to - peer ascending trends .
( 2 ) physical attack and social withdrawal form the typical characteristics of the dual subject ;
However , in the case of a single type of peer abuse , girls with high physical attacks are equally likely to be subject to physical violence and relationships , and boys and girls with high social stigma are more likely to suffer from a relationship .
( 3 ) The gender differences of peer - to - prediction factors mainly show that physical aggression can only predict the physical aggression locus of girls , and social withdrawal can only predict the physical and relationship violations of boys .
3 . In the aspect of the relationship between peer abuse and its related factors , the study found that :
( 1 ) There is obvious age - effect and ecological transitional effect between attack and peer - to - peer relationship . In the high school stage of primary school , the relationship between attack and peer - to - attack is weak and cannot be predicted basically ;
But in the stages of ecological transition and junior middle school , there is a model of the interaction between attack and peer aggression , that is , physical attack can predict the physical invasion of one year significantly , and the relation attack can predict the relationship after one year significantly , and vice versa .
( 2 ) social withdrawal , peer rejection , anxiety / depression and body / relationship infringement are one - way influence relationship mode , which is manifested as social withdrawal , peer refusal can significantly positively predict the body / relationship violation after one year , and the relationship infringement can positively predict the anxiety / depression after one year .
( 3 ) Peer refuses to play an intermediary role in the prediction of peer abuse ;
However , in terms of social withdrawal , among different age groups , peer - to - peer intermediary effect patterns are not completely consistent , and this intermediary role exists only in the interval of five to seventh grades .
4 . In the aspect of the development characteristics of aggressive and passive victims , the study found that :
( 1 ) In general , the aggression against physical aggression accounts for about 6.1 - 8.6 % , and the passive victims account for 16.5 - 22.3 % ;
The aggression against aggression is 7.6 锝

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