卢梭“消极教育”思想及其当代教育价值

发布时间：2018-05-19 20:36

本文选题：卢梭 + “消极的教育”　；参考：《辽宁师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：作为基础性的教育，儿童教育在人的一生中发挥着至关重要的作用。但是目前的儿童教育却出现了过度教育、过早教育等问题，与当下提倡的“以人为本”的教育理念有所偏差，引起社会各方面的关注。卢梭“消极的教育”理论作为卢梭自然教育思想中的一个重要组成部分，对纠正目前儿童教育出现的问题不无裨益。本文以卢梭“消极的教育”思想为研究对象，主要针对卢梭教育巨著《爱弥儿》中的“消极的教育”进行归纳总结，探索教育过程中体现的“消极的教育”思想，并对其进行整理和分析，探求这一教育思想的当代价值及其现实意义。本文采用了文献法、历史研究法等研究方法。在日益强化的技术理性与工具理性的社会现实中，当今的教学活动深深地陷入了“非人性化”的境地。现代教育实践中“过度的教育”的表征日渐凸显，主要表现在五个方面：教学目标过高、内容过难、教学时间过长、起点过早、教学过程过严、过死。这些现象的出现并非偶然，深入探索导致这些现象出现的深层原因，，主要归结为以下五个方面：工具理性的主宰、社会本位论的强旺、传统思想的规约与异化、儿童观的偏误、制度化教育的规训。论文以卢梭的性善论、自然说与宗教观作为理论基础，从教育原则、教育内容与教育过程三个方面探求了卢梭的“消极的教育”思想。卢梭认为，人身体的各个器官是用来获取知识的工具，但是在用它们获取知识之前需要等各个器官发展成熟完善，而这样的教育就称之为“消极的教育”。卢梭“消极的教育”一改在儿童还未达到一定的年龄之前就培养、训练儿童，并向他们传授其不懂的成人所谓的知识的方式，不但不争取时间做这些成人认为的对孩子将来有益的事情，而是采取把时间白白放过去的教育方式。在教育原则上提倡有节制中的自由与自由中的节制；忧患中的幸福与幸福中的忧患。在教育内容上，反对盲目的书本诵习，追求真正的知识；反对空洞的文字说教，追求有用的知识；反对揠苗助长式的教育，追求个性化的知识。在教育过程中，智力的发展与儿童的身心发展相统一；学习的内容与儿童的理解水平相契合；诱发儿童的内在动机，摒弃知识灌输。孩子过早的被纳入到教育的轨道，在超前教育、过度教育盛行的当下，儿童被驱赶着加速成长。在这种情况下，卢梭“消极的教育”思想对指导目前儿童教育教学活动非常必要。对目前的儿童教育，本文从培养幸福的“自然人”，走出“知识人”的误区；顺应儿童发展的顺序，远离跨越式的教育；激发兴趣，摒弃灌输式的教育；追求自由，遵循自然规约的教育；以天性为师，告别揠苗助长的“超级儿童”的教育；淡化竞争，回归生活世界的教育；重视人文精神，培养整全人格的教育等七个方面提出了建议。该建议为教育行政部门、学校、教师、家长等相关主体提供理论依据和实践参考，并直接应用于儿童教育和教育改革中，为改正目前儿童教育中存在的弊端，树立正确的儿童观有一定的现实意义。
[Abstract]:As a basic education , children ' s education plays a vital role in the life of human beings . But the present children ' s education has the problems of over - education , early education and so on .

In this paper , the author summarizes the " negative education " , which is mainly aimed at the " negative education " in the educational process of Lusuo , and probes into the contemporary value of the educational thought and its practical significance .

In the increasingly strengthened technical rational and instrumental social reality , today ' s teaching activities are deeply immersed in the situation of " non - humanization " . The representation of " excessive education " in modern educational practice is becoming more and more prominent .

On the basis of the theory of theory , content of education and the process of education , the thesis probes into the " negative education " thought . The author thinks that the various organs of human body are the tools used to acquire knowledge , but such education is called " negative education " .
In the context of education , anti - blind study of books , pursuit of true knowledge ;
Oppose empty words teach , pursue useful knowledge ;
In the process of education , the development of intelligence is consistent with the physical and mental development of children .
The content of learning is in agreement with the level of children ' s understanding ;
To induce children ' s internal motivation , to discard knowledge indoctrination .

In this situation , the thought of " negative education " is very necessary to guide the current children ' s education teaching activities . In this case , the present paper tries to cultivate happiness ' s " natural person " and get out of the misunderstanding of " knowledge person " .
In order to keep abreast of the children ' s development , keep away from the education of the leap - over type ;
arouse the interest , abandon the education of the infusion type ;
To pursue freedom and follow the education of the natural statutes ;
In nature as a teacher , farewell to the education of " super children " of the Miao people ;
desalting the competition and returning to the education of the living world ;
This paper puts forward some suggestions for the education administration departments , schools , teachers , parents and other relevant subjects . It is directly applied to children ' s education and educational reform . In order to correct the defects existing in the current children ' s education , it is of practical significance to set up the right children ' s view .
【学位授予单位】：辽宁师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G40

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