男子大学生网球运动员双手反拍技术的生物力学对比研究

发布时间：2018-02-24 14:11

本文关键词： 网球关闭式开放式双手反拍生物力学　出处：《成都体育学院》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在网球比赛中,世界顶尖选手使用双手反拍技术非常普遍,截止当今,在ATP和WTA当中,排名前二十的男选手使用双手反拍技术的达到80%,排名前二十的女子选手全部使用双手反拍技术。但是这项技术动作在面临不同来球的情况下,站位姿势各有差异。一些学者将击球站位姿势主要分为两大类:关闭式与开放式站位,这项技术动作需要运动员在比赛场上灵活运用,在职业选手中,几种击球站位姿势都被各位选手在比赛中运用的淋漓尽致,例如德约科维奇的关闭式反拍,莎拉波娃的半开放式反拍,小威廉姆斯的开放式反拍均在比赛较为常见。本文通过运用三维摄像与三维测力台同步测试,获取成都体育学院12名男网球二级运动员(开放式,关闭式)双手反拍动作的运动学与动力学参数,分析两种动作在运动学和动力学方面的差异,旨在探究两种双手反拍动作的特点及规律。通过两种动作的对比发现,得出以下结论:运动学结论:在拉拍阶段,(1)运动员关闭式反拍在此阶段用时较长,且数据呈现非常显著性差异。(2)从肩角来看,运动员两种反拍动作的肘关节上抬姿势明显,在拉拍结束时刻,运动员开放式反拍左肘关节更贴近躯干。从肘角来看,在拉拍结束时刻,运动员两种反拍动作左肘角均小于右肘角,左肘角均达到了最大值。(3)在拉拍结束时刻,运动员两种反拍动作的左肩肘腕关节速度均大于右侧,且肩肘腕至拍头的速度都呈现递增的趋势,可见运动员左手臂带动右手臂进行向后拉拍。(4)在拉拍结束时刻,运动员两种反拍动作的左膝角度均小于右膝,重心都在左腿上,下肢关节速度呈现“髋膝踝”。在转髋转肩击球阶段,(1))运动员开放式反拍在此阶段用时较长,但数据无显著性差异。通过拉拍结束时刻与拍面与球接触时刻的对比发现,运动员关闭式反拍重心较高。(2)在拍面与球接触时刻,运动员开放式反拍击球点离身体较近。(3)运动员关闭式反拍与开放式反拍在击球后腕关节不是固定不动的,而是左腕屈,右腕伸并跟随小臂内旋,从而给球施加更多旋转。(4)在拍面与球接触时刻之前,运动员两种动作肩肘腕各关节的速度达到了最大值,并符合鞭打动作原理。(5)在此阶段运动员关闭式反拍肩髋扭转幅度小于开放式反拍,可见运动员开放式反拍更多的利用了躯干的转动。在随挥阶段,运动员开放式反拍在此阶段用时较长,但数据无显著性差异。运动员两种反拍动作左肩角呈现增大的趋势,而左肘角是呈现减小的趋势,有明显的送拍动作。动力学结论:(1)在左脚着地时刻,通过F(X)力值对比发现,开放式反拍此时刻向后方向上的力较大,增加了踝关节内翻可能性。通过F(Y)对比发现,开放式反拍运动员左脚制动比较积极。通过F(Z)对比发现开放式反拍运动员左脚在垂直方向上承受的压力更大。(2)在拉拍结束时刻,通过F(X)的对比发现:关闭式反拍运动员在前后方向上的力值比开放式反拍小,数据呈现显著性差异,可见开放式反拍运动员此刻左脚前后的稳定性较差。通过F(Y)的对比发现:开放式反拍运动员左脚左右方向上分力与关闭式反拍数据之间呈现非常显著性差异,此时刻关闭式反拍运动员左脚后脚跟是离地的,身体略微前倾,故向左的力值较大。通过F(Z)的对比发现,运动员关闭式反拍垂直方向上的力值明显小于开放式反拍,数据呈现非常显著性差异,运动员开放式反拍足部损伤的风险更高。(3)在拍面与球接触时刻,通过F(X)的对比发现,运动员开放式反拍前后方向的力值较大,前后稳定性较差。通过F(Y)的对比发现,运动员开放式反拍左右方向的力值较大,这为后续的重心彻底转移到右脚奠定基础。通过F(Z)的对比发现:运动员开放式反拍此刻左脚的垂直分力较大,这更容易引起足部的损伤。
[Abstract]:In tennis, the world's top players using two handed backhand technology is very common, as of today, in ATP and WTA, the top twenty male athletes using two handed backhand technology reached 80%, the top twenty female athletes all use two handed backhand technology. But this technology action in the face of different ball under the condition, the stance is different. Some scholars will be hitting the stance is mainly divided into two categories: closed and open stance, this technology action requires flexible use of athletes in the game, players in the occupation, several hit the ball stance are the players in the game with the most incisive, for example Djokovic closed Sharapova's backhand, semi open backhand, Serena Williams open backhand were more common in the game. Through the use of three-dimensional camera and three-dimensional force synchronous test by Take Chengdu Sport University 12 male tennis two athletes (open and closed) two handed backhand kinematics and dynamics parameter of the action, analyze the differences between the two kinds of action in kinematics and dynamics, to explore two kinds of two handed backhand characteristics and rules of action. By comparing the two kinds of action that draws the following conclusions: kinematics conclusion: in the backswing stage, (1) athletes closed backhand at this stage with a longer time, and the data showed a very significant difference. (2) from the shoulder, two athletes elbow backhand action lift posture significantly, pull the film at the end, players open backhand left the elbow closer to the torso. From the elbow angle in the pull shot at the end of the two players backhand action left elbow angle are smaller than the right elbow angle, left elbow angle reached the maximum value. (3) in the backswing at the end of two, the athletes backhand left shoulder elbow wrist action The joint velocity was greater than the right, and to shoulder elbow wrist racquet head speed are showing increasing trend, visible athletes left arm right arm to pull back the drive shot. (4) in the backswing end time, athletes two backhand movements of the left knee angle was less than in the center of the right knee, left leg, lower limb joint velocity "hip knee ankle. In turn hip shoulder at the stage, (1)) athletes open backhand at this stage with a longer time, but there was no significant difference between the data. Through the backswing end time and beat contrast surface contact with the ball when found, the athletes closed backhand high center of gravity (2). In the film surface contact with the ball, players open a backhand bit closer to the body. (3) athletes closed and open backhand backhand in the ball after the wrist is not fixed, but left wrist flexion, wrist extension and forearm pronation follow, so as to exert more rotating ball (4). In the face before making contact with the ball two times, athlete action shoulder elbow wrist joint velocity reaches the maximum value, and conform to the action principle. (5) at this stage the athletes closed backhand shoulder and hip twist is smaller than the open backhand, visible player open backhand uses more trunk rotation. In the swing phase, players open backhand at this stage with a longer time, but there was no significant difference between the two kinds of data. Players backhand action left shoulder angle increases, while the left elbow angle is decreased, was sent to shoot dynamic action. Conclusion: (1) in the left foot a moment, by F (X) stress value comparison, open backhand at this time of the backward direction of stress, increase the possibility of ankle varus. By comparison, F (Y) open backhand players left foot brake positive by F (Z) found that anti open Take the athletes left in the vertical direction to withstand greater pressure. (2) in the backswing end time, by F (X) the comparison found that the closed backhand athletes in the longitudinal direction of force than the open backhand is small, the data showed significant differences, visible open backhand movement at the moment left after poor stability. Through the comparison of F (Y): open and close the backhand athletes left on the left and right component type reverse data showed a very significant difference, at this moment the closed backhand athletes left heel is off the ground, the body slightly forward, so the larger force left F (Z). Through the comparison, the athletes closed backhand vertical force value is significantly less than the open backhand, data showed a very significant difference, the athletes open backhand foot injury with higher risk. (3) in the film surface and the ball contact time, by F (X). By comparison, the athletes open reverse direction before and after the force value is larger, and poor stability. Through the comparison of F (Y) found that athletes open backhand about the direction of the force value is larger, the center of gravity for the subsequent transfer completely to right foot foundation. By contrast F (Z) found that athletes open backhand left vertical force is larger at the moment, it is more likely to cause foot injury.

【学位授予单位】：成都体育学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G845

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