我国招标投标价格决定机制的博弈分析

发布时间：2018-04-02 06:26

本文选题：招标投标　切入点：价格决定机制　出处：《西南财经大学》2001年硕士论文

【摘要】： 20世纪下半叶以来，区域经济、经济一体化和贸易自由化成为世界经济的主要潮流。在这一背景下，招标投标这种源于200年前政府采购的交易方式，以其公开、公平、公正等特征在全球经济发展中发挥了越来越重要的作用。纵观招标投标的发展，呈现出几个明显的趋势：首先，招标投标已成为各国政府采购的主要手段。不论是经济发达国家还是发展中国家，政府采购对一国经济产生着直接影响；由于政府的开支来源于税收，必须对纳税人负责、接受纳税人的监督，因此透明和公正是进行采购的基本条件。也正因为如此世界贸易组织将招标投标作为政府采购的首选方式；其次，招标投标已成为国际金融组织监督贷款实施的一种有效方法。以世界银行为代表的国际金融组织在其半个世纪的发展中积累了较多经验，对世界经济的发展具有重要推动作用；第三，招标投标已成为一种国际贸易惯例。在贸易自由化的潮流中，各种贸易壁垒阻碍着贸易自由化的发展，而招标投标以其公开、公平、公正和组织性成为国际贸易的通行准则。招标投标之所以能在全球范围内广泛应用并发挥巨大作用，根本原因在于其具有优化资源配置的功能。从现象上看，招标投标是一种交易行为。但是，为什么招标投标主体实施了这样一种行为，就能决定一个高效率的均衡价格？这是因为，招标投标在本质上是一项优化资源配置的市场经济制度。中国正在建立社会主义经济基础上的法治社会，招标投标作为优化资源配置的市场经济制度具有越来越重要的地位和作用。从新制度经济学的角度，T·W·舒尔茨将制度定义为管束人们行为的一系列规则。即，制度通过提供一系列规则界定人们的选择空间，约束人们之间的相互关系，从而减少环境中的不确定性，减少交易费用，保护产权，促进生产性活动。制度是公共物品，也是一种稀缺要素，具有如下功能：降低交易成本；为经济提供服务；为实现合作创造条件；提供激励机制；制度创新有利于外部利益内部化。在当今经WP=3济一体化的世界里，当资本、技术、劳动力、信息等能在世界范围内更自由流动时，为什么发达国家与发展中国家的差距不仅没有缩小，反而有扩大的趋势呢？发达国家的人作为一个群体并不比中国人更勤劳、聪明或有道德，为什么其生产力更发达呢？这是因为技术可以转移，资本可以转移，劳动力也可以转移，但是作为经济发展的制度因素却难以转移，发展中国家不能强制性地照搬发达国家的某一制度，发展中国家与发达国家的差距主要是制度的差距。一国经济并不是生产要素的简单叠加，土地、劳动力和资本、技术这些要素，有了制度才得以发挥功能。道义劝告固然重要，但不是促进人与人之间合作的根本手段。关键是招标投标等各种市场经济制度的完善使人与人之间的合作成为理性个人的最好利益选择，促进了经济效率的提高。招标投标在西方发达国家及其他一些发展中国家的应用，充分体现了上述观点。我国招标投标的实践更是这一观点的最佳诠释。一方面，招标投标在我国短短二十多年的应用，已产生了显著效果，呈现出蓬勃生机；另一方面，与发达国家相比，我国招标投标优化资源配置的作用还远远没有充分发挥出来。诺思指出，，在没有发生技术变化的情况下，通过制度创新亦能提高生产率和实现经济增长。新制度经济学还提出一个很有价值的观点，即在缺乏有效制度的领域或地区，或者一国处在新旧体制转轨时期，此时此地制度效率是最高的。我国目前正处于社会主义市场经济体制逐步完善的时期，招标投标作为一种市场经济制度应该有广阔的应用空间。但是，为什么在理论上先进、在实践上高效的招标投标制度在中国却没有充分（最大限度）发挥其优化资源配置的作用呢？我们又该如何避免发生“淮南为桔，淮北为枳”的恶果呢？本文从新制度经济学理论出发，来探讨招标投标制度。制度的形成是多次博弈的结果，即制度是N人博弈的均衡解。一个帕累托改进的制度，可以定义为一个增加了一切博弈参与人的主观价值度量效用的均衡的行为模式。招标投标作为市场经济制度，也是博弈的结果。WP=4本文共分四章，在阐述招标投标制度的基本理论及优越性，并介绍我国招标投标的历史沿革、现状及问题的基础上，尝试利用博弈论有关原理对我国招标投标价格决定机制进行分析；进而试图在制度创新和技术创新方面对我国的招标投标提出一些建议。本文第一章介绍招标投标的基本原理及其在国际上的应用。首先，介绍招标投标的概念；其次，介绍招标投标的适用范围。包括主体范围，标的范围和招标限额；第三，介绍招标投标方式，如国际竞争性招标和国内竞争性招标等公开招标方式，以及邀请招标等非公开方式。通过对招标投标特点的归纳，说明招标投标价格决定机制的优越性。正因其优越性，所以招标投标历经200年仍焕发蓬勃生机，并且在当今国际上得到越来越广泛的应用。然而，为什么在理论上先进、在实践上高效的招标投标制度在中国却没有充分发挥优化资源配置的作用呢？因此，第二章转入对招标投标在我国的实践进行分析。在介绍我国招标投标制度历史沿革的基础上，重点分析我国招标投标制度的现状及问题，即在制度上和技术
[Abstract]:Since the second half of the 20th century , regional economy , economic integration and trade liberalization have become the main trend of the world economy . In this background , the bidding and bidding have played a more and more important role in the global economic development .
As the government expenditure comes from tax , it must be the responsibility of the taxpayer and accept the supervision of the taxpayer , so the transparency and fairness are the basic conditions for the procurement .
Second , tender and tender have become an effective way to supervise loan implementation of international financial organizations . The international financial organizations represented by the World Bank have accumulated more experience in their half - century development , and have important impetus to the development of the world economy ;
Thirdly , bidding and bidding have become an international trade convention . In the trend of trade liberalization , various trade barriers hinder the development of trade liberalization , and the tender and tender offer the open , fair , impartial and organizational form of international trade .

The reason lies in that it has the function of optimizing the resource allocation . In view of the phenomenon , the bidding is a kind of transaction behavior . However , why the bidding and tender subject has implemented such a behavior can decide a high efficiency equilibrium price ? This is because the bidding and bidding is essentially a market economy system that optimizes the allocation of resources .

China is establishing the rule of law society on the basis of the socialist economy , and the tender and tender is playing an increasingly important role in the market economy system that optimizes the allocation of resources .

From the perspective of the new institutional economics , T 路 W 路 Schertz defines the system as a series of rules for people ' s behavior . Namely , the system defines the space of people by providing a series of rules , which restricts the mutual relationship among people , thus reducing the uncertainty in the environment , reducing transaction costs , protecting property rights and promoting productive activities . The system is public goods and a scarce element , which has the following functions : lower transaction cost ;
to provide services to the economy ;
Creating conditions for cooperation ;
Provide incentive mechanism ;
In the world of WP = 3 , when capital , technology , labor force , information and so on can flow more freely in the world , why the gap between developed and developing countries is not only reduced , but the gap between the developed countries and the developed countries is more developed ? This is because the technology can transfer , capital can be transferred , and the labor force can be transferred . However , as a basic means of cooperation between the developing countries and the developed countries , the key is that the perfection of various market economy systems , such as bidding and bidding , makes the cooperation between people and people a rational individual ' s best interests choice , and promotes the improvement of economic efficiency .

The application of tender and tender in western developed countries and some other developing countries fully reflects the above views . The practice of bidding and bidding in China is the best interpretation of this point of view . On the one hand , bidding and bidding have been applied in our country for more than 20 years , which has produced remarkable results , showing an vigor and vitality ;
On the other hand , compared with developed countries , the role of bidding and bidding optimization resource allocation in China is far from full play . It is pointed out that in the absence of technological change , the system innovation can improve productivity and realize economic growth .

This paper discusses the bidding and bidding system from the new institutional economics theory . The formation of the system is the result of many games , that is , the system is the equilibrium solution of the N - player game .
Then try to put forward some suggestions on the bidding and bidding of our country in the aspect of institutional innovation and technological innovation .

The first chapter introduces the basic principle of tender and tender and its application in international .

Firstly , the concept of tender and tender is introduced .
Secondly , introduce the scope of the tender and bid , including the scope of subject , the scope of subject and the limit of bidding ;
Thirdly , this paper introduces the methods of tender and tender , such as international competitive bidding and domestic competitive bidding , as well as non - public bidding methods such as inviting tenders .

Through the induction of the characteristics of tender and tender , this paper explains the superiority of the bidding price decision mechanism . As a result of its superiority , tender and tender has been revitalized in 200 years , and has been widely used in the world today .

However , why in theory advanced , in practice the efficient bidding system in China does not give full play to the role of optimizing resource allocation in China ? Therefore , the second chapter is transferred to the analysis of the practice of bidding in China .

On the basis of introducing the historical evolution of bidding and bidding system in China , the present situation and problems of bidding and bidding system in China are emphatically analyzed , that is , the system and technology

【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2001
【分类号】：F062.4

【引证文献】