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水制变革影响下的绿洲农户生计适应与分化

发布时间:2019-06-03 01:13
【摘要】:生态脆弱区自然环境的退化引起了诸如“退耕还林”、“生态移民”、“禁牧禁伐”等一系列政策变革,在促进生态恢复的同时,也给依赖于自然资源而生存农户的生计带来了深刻影响,在自然资源削减及适应行为的影响下,农户生计发展逐步分化。因此,解析生态脆弱及边远地区政策变革对农户生计分化发展带来的影响,厘清农户生计适应及生计分化发展的关键影响因素及驱动机制,成为新时期政策变革区乡村重构发展的必要前提。民勤县地处我国西北内陆,因其脆弱的生态环境而成为社会政策变革剧烈的典型区域,本文以民勤县水制变革(水资源使用制度变革)为切入点,利用可持续生计框架,在对社会政策环境及农户生计进行深入调查基础上,对比分析水制变革前后农户的生计状态,并总结农户生计的适应方式与分化,进而用回归模型识别水制变革影响下农户生计分化发展的关键影响因子,在此基础上对农户生计分化发展的驱动机制进行归纳总结,得出以下结论:①水制变革给农户生存发展带来了诸如耕地减少、水价上涨、生活用水困难及剩余劳动力增加等巨大压力;在政府引导及农户自身理性驱动下,农户采取了诸如设施农业、人饮工程、特色林果、外出务工以及其它生产生活方式来适应水制变革对农户生计带来的压力。②在水制变革影响下,农户非农生计活动逐步发展,生计活动日趋多样化,形成了传统农业主导型、设施农业主导型、务工主导型、非农工型以及混兼型等五种特征各异的生计策略类型,传统农业的主导地位受到削弱。受水制变革的影响,农户自然资本与金融资本整体呈现减少趋势,物质资本、社会资本以及生计资本总指数整体呈现不同程度的增长趋势,且表现出自然资本、人力资本和物质资本缺乏,社会资本和金融资本较为丰富的特点。不同生计策略类型的农户生计资本变化的方向与程度各异。③农业设施量、政策知晓度、有效灌溉度、大牲畜量、人均耕地面积、邻里信任度、关井压田规模与可借款人数是影响农户生计策略分化的关键变量,不同生计策略形成的关键影响因素差异较大。家庭整体劳动能力、可借款人数、人均耕地面积、农业水支出比、成人受教育水平、水资源权利与固定资产量是农户生计产出的关键影响因素,各因素对农户生计产出的影响方向与程度存在差异。④农户生计的分化发展是多重因素共同作用的结果。水制变革过程中实施的各种政策,是农户生计分化的触发器与助推器;生计资本是农户生计分化与发展的支撑与基础;农户作为理性人的理性选择是生计分化与发展方向的决定因素。此外,家庭成员的教育、健康、赡养等社会伦理对农户生计活动的分化发展也存在着不可忽视的影响。本研究基于政策环境变化背景下“压力—适应—分化发展”的逻辑主线,为政策环境变化对农户生计的影响研究提供了研究范式与案例,对今后类似的相关研究具有一定的借鉴意义。同时,本文在所得结论基础上结合调研情景,总结了研究区农户生计发展存在的问题,并提出了促进农户生计可持续发展的对策与建议,以期为该区农户生计发展相关政策的制定提供参考。
[Abstract]:The degradation of the natural environment of the ecological fragile region has caused a series of policy changes such as "returning farmland to forest", "ecological migration", "prohibition of animal and animal husbandry" and the like, and also has a profound influence on the livelihood of the farmers who depend on the natural resources at the same time of promoting the ecological restoration, Under the influence of natural resource reduction and adaptation, farmer's livelihood development is gradually differentiated. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the influence of the policy change of the ecological fragility and the remote area on the development of the livelihood of the farmer, and to clarify the key influencing factors and the driving mechanism of the farmer's livelihood adaptation and the development of the livelihood and the development of the rural reconstruction in the new period. Minqin county is located in the northwest of China, because of its fragile ecological environment and becomes a typical region of social policy change, this paper uses the water system change (the change of water resource utilization system) as the entry point and makes use of the sustainable livelihood frame. On the basis of the thorough investigation of the social policy environment and the farmer's livelihood, the livelihood status of the farmers before and after the change of the water system is compared, and the adaptation method and the differentiation of the livelihood of the farmers are summarized, and the key influencing factors of the development of the livelihood differentiation of the farmers under the influence of the water system change are identified by the regression model, On the basis of this, the driving mechanism of the development of the farmer's livelihood differentiation is summarized, and the following conclusions are drawn: the reform of the water-water system brings about a great pressure such as the reduction of cultivated land, the rise of water price, the difficulty of domestic water and the increase of the surplus labor force, etc. Under the guidance of the government and the rational driving of the farmer's own, the farmers have taken measures such as the facilities agriculture, the people's drinking works, the characteristic forest products, the migrant workers and other production and life ways to adapt to the pressure of the water system change to the livelihood of the farmers. Under the influence of the change of the water system, the non-agricultural livelihood activities of the farmers are gradually developed, the livelihood activities are becoming more and more diversified, and the types of livelihood strategies of the traditional agriculture-oriented, the facility agriculture-oriented, the migrant-oriented, the non-agricultural and the mixed-type and the like are formed. The dominant position of traditional agriculture has been weakened. The influence of the change of the water system, the overall decrease of the natural capital and the financial capital of the farmer, the overall appearance of the material capital, the social capital and the total index of the livelihood capital shows a different degree of growth trend, and shows the lack of natural capital, human capital and material capital. Social capital and financial capital are rich. The direction and extent of the change in the livelihood capital of farmers with different livelihood strategies are different. The number of agricultural facilities, the degree of policy awareness, the effective irrigation degree, the quantity of the large livestock, the cultivated area per capita, the trust of the neighborhood, the scale of the close well and the number of the loans to be used are the key variables that affect the differentiation of the livelihood strategies of the farmers, and the difference of the key factors of the formation of different livelihood strategies is large. The overall labor capacity of the family, the number of the available loans, the per capita arable land area, the agricultural water expenditure ratio, the adult education level, the water resource rights and the fixed assets amount are the key influencing factors of the livelihood output of the farmers, and the influence direction and the degree of the factors on the livelihood output of the farmers are different. The development of the rural household's livelihood is the result of multiple factors. The various policies implemented in the process of water system change are the trigger and the booster of the farmer's livelihood differentiation; the livelihood capital is the support and foundation of the farmer's livelihood differentiation and development; the rational choice of the farmer as a rational person is the decisive factor of the direction of livelihood differentiation and development. In addition, social ethics, such as education, health and maintenance of family members, has an unnegligible effect on the development of livelihood activities of farmers. This study is based on the logical main line of the "The Development of the Pressure Adaptation to the Development of the Differentiation of the" in the background of policy environment change, and provides a research paradigm and case for the study of the impact of policy environment change on the livelihood of farmers. At the same time, on the basis of the conclusion, this paper summarizes the problems existing in the development of the farmer's livelihood in the research area, and puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions to promote the sustainable development of the farmer's livelihood, with a view to providing a reference for the development of the relevant policies for the livelihood development of the farmers in the area.
【学位授予单位】:西北大学
【学位级别】:硕士
【学位授予年份】:2017
【分类号】:F323.8

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