转型期我国劳动力转移的制度因素分析

发布时间：2019-01-21 20:32

【摘要】：1978年，十一届三中全会提出了改革开放政策，我国开始了由传统的计划经济向市场经济的转型。改革开放以来，我国现代化建设取得了一个又一个的重大突破。在现代化发展中，农村劳动力转移是我国经济发展中急需解决的问题，与农民密切相关的土地制度加大了农村剩余劳动力转移的机会成本，成为束缚农村劳动力转移和推进城镇化的重要因素。我国现行的社会制度具有典型的二元性，缺点是就是没有考虑农民工实际需要，导致这一群体难以享受到全面的社会保障红利。我国农村劳动力转移既是现存制度的产物，又不断催生制度变革。进一步改革和完善影响我国农村劳动力转移的相关制度政策，加快推进农民工市民化进程，对从根本上解决“三农”问题具有重要意义。 首先，分析考察改革开放以来我国农村劳动力转移的制度背景，回顾总结我国农村劳动力转移的制度演变过程，研究制度因素的影响机理。分析了我国农村劳动力转移的制度背景、制度演变和制度影响过程。农村劳动力向非农产业和城镇转移，具有世界各国工业化、城市化进程中带有普遍性的规律。我国的农村劳动力转移是在二元经济制度的推动和市场经济制度的拉动下发生的，先后经历了农村改革的起始阶段、市场经济制度确立与完善阶段和统筹城乡协调发展战略实施阶段，其中相关的制度政策发挥着重要的影响作用。尤其是在土地制度、户籍制度、就业制度、社会保障制度，对农村劳动力转移，特别是农民工市民化进程影响最大。 其次，从影响我国农村劳动力转移的主要制度因素分析入手，探索土地、户籍、就业和社会保障制度等方面对农村劳动力转移的具体影响。制度设计重点在于对土地制度、户籍制度、就业制度、社会保障制度的不断改革与完善。我国农村劳动力转移还存在着产业、行业和地区分布结构失衡导致的转移结构失衡问题，造成农村劳动力转移的结构性“短缺”与“过剩”、转移成本上升和转移速度变缓的问题，必须通过促进区域经济协调发展，加快产业结构布局调整步伐和实施农村转移劳动力资源开发战略等政策的完善，解决好转移结构失衡的问题。 最后，对影响我国农村劳动力转移的主要制度因素，如户籍制度、土地制度、就业制度和社会保障制度等方面，研究提出改革完善与创新方案。第一，在土地制度方面，应重点推进土地产权制度的改革、土地流转制度的改革和农村土地征用制度的改革；第二，在户籍制度方面，进一步明确了户籍制度改革的目标和原则，提出了完善户籍制度改革的配套措施和办法，设计了采取低门槛，渐进式的户籍制度改革路线；第三，在就业制度方面，提出了完善公共就业信息服务制度、完善劳动力市场管理规范制度、完善农民工教育培训制度和完善农民工权益保障制度的创新思路；第四，在社会保障制度方面，设计了分层分类实施保障，分步分阶段推进保障和改进完善社会保障关系转移接续办法的相关措施。 制度变迁是一连串连锁反应的轨迹。从人类发展史来看，制度变迁更像是一种自发秩序和利益主体有意构建相结合的产物。传统制度向现代制度转型是经济社会转型的重要内容，顺畅的体制转型不仅来自经济社会各要素的有效配合，也会对经济社会转型形成新的合力，推动转型成功。农村劳动力转移牵涉到大量的制度因素，制度转型既是农村劳动力转移推动的结果，也会推动农村劳动力新转移，形成更为合理的劳动力资源配置结构。有效的制度框架是激励劳动力转移的主要机制，而低效的制度体系则构成束缚劳动力转移的主要障碍，中国农村劳动力政策及制度形成了中国独有的转型路径。 本文以我国农村劳动力转移的制度完善为研究视角，以发展经济学理论、制度经济学理论为指导，考察分析了制度因素在我国农村劳动力转移进程中的影响作用，旨在进一步创新土地制度、户籍制度、就业制度和产业政策、城镇化战略，为有效推动农村劳动力转移有序、平稳和持续转移，，加快农民工市民化进程提供制度政策保障。本文的研究将有助于丰富和完善农村劳动力转移的理论研究体系，对各地促进农村劳动力转移和农民工市民化工作有一定的指导意义。
[Abstract]:In 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee put forward the reform and opening-up policy, and our country began to transform from the traditional planned economy to the market economy. Since the reform and opening-up, China's modernization has made a further major breakthrough. In the development of modernization, the transfer of rural labor force is a problem that needs to be solved in the development of our country. The land system closely related to the peasants has increased the opportunity cost of the transfer of the surplus labor force in the countryside, and becomes an important factor for the transfer of the rural labor force and the promotion of the urbanization. The present social system of our country has the typical duality, the disadvantage is that the actual needs of the migrant workers are not taken into account, and this group is difficult to enjoy the comprehensive social security dividend. The transfer of rural labor force in China is not only the product of the existing system, but also the reform of the system. It is of great significance to further reform and improve the relevant system policies that affect the transfer of rural labor force in our country, and to accelerate the process of promoting the people's urbanization in the rural areas. First of all, the paper analyzes the system background of the rural labor force transfer in our country since the reform and opening-up, and then reviews the system evolution process of the rural labor force transfer in China, and the influence machine of the study system factors. The paper analyses the system background, system evolution and system influence of the rural labor force transfer in China. (a) The transfer of rural labour to non-agricultural and urban areas, with universal norms in the industrialization of the world and the process of urbanization The rural labor transfer in China is taking place under the promotion of the dual economic system and the pulling of the market economy system, and has experienced the initial stage of the rural reform, the establishment and improvement of the market economy system and the implementation step of the coordinated development of the urban and rural areas The relevant system policy plays an important role. in particular in that land system, the household registration system, the employment system and the social security system, Secondly, from the analysis of the main institutional factors that affect the transfer of rural labor force in China, the paper probes into the use of land, household registration, employment and social security system to transfer the rural labor force. The system design focuses on the reform of the land system, the household registration system, the employment system and the social security system China's rural labor transfer also has the problem of the imbalance of the transfer structure caused by the unbalanced structure of the industry, the industry and the region, resulting in the structural 鈥渟hortage鈥

本文编号：2413014