基于Haddon模型的我国海上溢油事件应急管理对策研究

发布时间：2018-05-12 12:39

本文选题：海上溢油事件 + 应急管理　；参考：《中国海洋大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：近几年来大大小小的海上溢油事件频繁发生，海上石油污染以其污染范围广、危害性大、传播速度快成为破坏海洋环境的最大因子，世界各国都将防止海上溢油事件发生，控制海上石油污染放在保护海洋环境的突出地位。海上溢油事件作为一种海上突发事件，是涉海部门海上溢油应急管理能力的重要体现，其能力直接关系到溢油事故的处理效果，关系到海洋环境的保护，最重要的是关系到以后如何避免此类事件的再次发生，而海上溢油事件处理的关键在于提高涉海部门的海上溢油应急管理水平。目前我国在海上溢油应急管理方面已经取得了很大的进步，但是由于起步较晚，与国外发达国家的海上溢油应急管理能力相比还存在不足，主要表现在忽视事前的预防和事后的生态恢复，对溢油的预防存在侥幸心理，溢油应急法律有待完善，，应急协调机制有待提高等。因此研究海上溢油应急管理具有十分重要的现实意义和前瞻指导性。文章以渤海油田溢油事件为切入点，对比国内外涉海部门在处理海上溢油事件中不同的应对策略，同时借助Haddon模型分析我国海上溢油事件应急管理中的问题。该模型中的“三阶段、三因素”理论把溢油事件的处理从单纯重视应急处置转为预防管理、应急处置和后续管理三者统一管理的过程，针对溢油处理的三个阶段特点分别制定相应的应对策略，使得庞杂的海上溢油事件应急管理变得具体而具系统性。文章首先对海上溢油应急管理的相关概念进行了梳理和总结，指出海上溢油事件的特殊性。文章以应急管理理论为理论支撑，为海上溢油应急管理提供理论分析框架。其次引入Haddon模型分析我国在海上溢油应急管理中存在的问题。通过模型的三阶段分析发现我国在海上溢油应急管理在预防阶段、应急处置阶段和后续管理阶段存在的问题。最后也就是文章的主体部分，针对上述问题提出针对性的解决措施，在预防阶段树立危机意识，建立预防预警机制，完善溢油事件处理的法律制度；在处置阶段建立协调一致多方参与的联动机制，培养专业的应急救援队伍，采用先进的溢油清理技术；在后续管理阶段建立阶段性补偿制度，进行灾后海洋生态恢复工作。通过这些对策的提出希望能为海上溢油应急管理实践提供实践依据。
[Abstract]:In recent years, large and small offshore oil spills have occurred frequently. Because of their wide range of pollution and great harmfulness, the rapid spread of oil pollution has become the biggest factor to damage the marine environment. All countries in the world will prevent oil spills from happening at sea. Controlling oil pollution at sea is a prominent position in protecting the marine environment. As a kind of marine emergency incident, the offshore oil spill incident is an important embodiment of the marine oil spill emergency management ability of the department involved in the sea. Its ability is directly related to the treatment effect of the oil spill accident and the protection of the marine environment. The most important thing is how to avoid the recurrence of such incidents in the future, and the key to deal with the offshore oil spill is to improve the management level of offshore oil spill emergency. At present, great progress has been made in marine oil spill emergency management in our country, but due to the late start, compared with the overseas developed countries, there are still some shortcomings in the marine oil spill emergency management. The main performance is that the prevention of oil spill and ecological recovery are ignored, the prevention of oil spill is lucky, the law of oil spill emergency needs to be improved, the coordination mechanism of emergency needs to be improved, and so on. Therefore, the study of offshore oil spill emergency management has very important practical significance and prospective guidance. Taking the oil spill incident in Bohai Oilfield as the starting point, this paper compares the different coping strategies of the offshore oil spill handling departments at home and abroad, and analyzes the problems in the emergency management of the offshore oil spill incident in China with the help of Haddon model. The theory of "three stages, three factors" in this model has changed the handling of oil spill incidents from simply paying attention to emergency treatment to the process of unified management of prevention management, emergency disposal and follow-up management. According to the characteristics of the three stages of oil spill treatment, the corresponding coping strategies are worked out respectively, which makes the complex emergency management of oil spill on the sea become concrete and systematic. Firstly, the related concepts of offshore oil spill emergency management are reviewed and summarized, and the particularity of offshore oil spill incident is pointed out. Based on the theory of emergency management, this paper provides a theoretical analysis framework for marine oil spill emergency management. Secondly, Haddon model is introduced to analyze the problems existing in China's offshore oil spill emergency management. Through the three-stage analysis of the model, the problems existing in the prevention, emergency disposal and subsequent management of China's offshore oil spill emergency management are found. Finally, the main part of the article, in view of the above problems put forward targeted solutions, in the prevention phase of the establishment of crisis awareness, the establishment of prevention and early warning mechanism, improve the handling of oil spill incidents of the legal system; In the disposal stage, we should establish a coordinated and multi-participation linkage mechanism, train professional emergency rescue teams, adopt advanced oil spill cleaning technology, and establish a phased compensation system in the follow-up management stage to carry out the marine ecological recovery after disaster. It is hoped that these countermeasures can provide practical basis for the practice of offshore oil spill emergency management.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：U698.7

【相似文献】