不同水肥运筹模式对滨海盐碱土的控盐增产效应研究

发布时间：2018-07-16 23:36

【摘要】：黄河三角洲地区淡水资源匮乏、土壤瘠薄、盐分含量高,返盐快,治理效果难以持久,严重制约该区粮食生产和土壤资源的合理利用。加强该区水肥管理,明确不同水肥运筹模式对盐碱地的改良效果和作物的增产效应,对于促进黄河三角洲土壤资源的可持续利用,保障国家的粮食安全具有重要的意义。本研究以“渤海粮仓科技示范工程”项目课题为依托,以中度盐碱地小麦-玉米轮作为研究对象,设置对照(CK)、习惯施肥(CM)、优化习惯施肥(OCM1、OCM2)、化肥(2/3基肥+1/3追肥,OM1)、有机肥+化肥(2/3基肥+1/3追肥,OM2)、有机肥+减量化肥(2/3基肥+1/3追肥,OM3)、化肥(1/3追肥+2/3基肥,OM4)、有机肥+化肥(1/3追肥+2/3基肥,OM5)、有机肥+减量化肥(1/3追肥+2/3基肥,OM6)不同施肥处理,并设置了与OM4、OM5、OM6相对应的增加灌水量到2.5倍SPV(土壤孔隙体积)的OM7、OM8、OM9不同灌水量处理,研究了不同水肥运筹模式(肥料运筹+水分运筹)的控盐增产效应,得到以下主要结论:(1)在小麦季,较之CK、CM处理,有机肥和化肥配施处理均具有控制盐分、提高土壤养分的效应,其中灌水2.5倍SPV+有机肥+基追比1:2化肥这种运筹模式在成熟期水溶性盐含量最低,较之空白减少了12.6%,在相同的施肥措施下,增加灌水量能减少0-20cm土壤全盐含量11.5%-12.6%,20-40cm土壤全盐含量7.8%-9.5%,水肥管理措施最为有效。(2)从小麦产量构成因子来看,水肥模式灌水2.5倍SPV+有机肥3600kg/hm2、化肥(N-P2O5-K2O=15%-5%-5%)基追比为1:2运筹模式小麦产量5384.4kg/hm2为最高,较习惯模式灌水1.5倍SPV、基施磷酸二铵(N-P2O5-K2O=18%-46%)750kg/hm2、追施尿素300kg/hm2的小麦产量2908.05kg/hm2,增产85.2%,是试验中最优的水肥模式。(3)在玉米成熟期,前期施用有机肥+2.5倍SPV灌水处理较之CK、CM处理均具有降低土壤水溶性盐分的效应。其中一次性追施化肥(N-P2O5-K2O=15%-5%-5%)处理OM4和OM5全盐含量显著低于其他处理,分别比CK处理降低了29.2%、32.1%,在养分方面,有机肥和化肥配施处理均增加了土壤有效养分,其中OM5土壤有效磷含量最高,比OM4有显著增加的趋势,增加了42.4%,OM5土壤有机质含量比OM2高出7.2%,因此为最优运筹模式。(4)从玉米产量因子来看,各水肥运筹处理的产量比对照均显著增大,提高幅度为38.66%-65.43%。前期施用有机肥+2.5倍SPV灌水处理中,一次性追施化肥80%F1处理OM6的玉米产量最大,达到5184.75kg/hm2,较习惯模式提高了23.14%,说明在相同处理下化肥减量施用不会造成玉米减产。(5)灌水2.5倍SPV+有机肥3600kg/hm2+化肥(N-P2O5-K2O=15%-5%-5%)1:2基追比运筹模式可作为当地小麦-玉米轮作控盐、供肥及稳产增产的主要水肥运筹模式。
[Abstract]:In the Yellow River Delta region, the fresh water resources are scarce, the soil is barren, the salt content is high, the salt return is fast, and the control effect is difficult to last, which seriously restricts the grain production and the rational utilization of soil resources in this area. It is of great significance to strengthen the management of water and fertilizer in this area and to clarify the effects of different water and fertilizer management modes on the improvement of saline-alkali land and the increase of crop production. It is of great significance to promote the sustainable utilization of soil resources in the Yellow River Delta and to ensure the food security of the country. Based on the project of "Science and Technology demonstration Project of Grain Warehouse in Bohai Sea", this study takes wheat-corn wheel in moderate saline-alkali land as the research object. CK, CM, OCM1OCM2, OM1, OM2, OM2, OM3, OM4, OM4 Fertilizer (1 / 3 topdressing 2 / 3 base fertilizer OM5), organic fertilizer reducing fertilizer (1 / 3 topdressing 2 / 3 base fertilizer / OM6) different fertilization treatments, OM7OM8OM9, corresponding to OM4OM5OM6, which increased the irrigation amount to 2.5 times of SPV (soil pore volume), was used to study the effect of controlling salt and increasing yield of different water and fertilizer operation models. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) in wheat season, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer combined treatment have the effect of controlling salt content and increasing soil nutrient. Among them, 2.5 times SPV organic fertilizer is the lowest water-soluble salt content in the maturing stage, compared with the blank, the water soluble salt content decreased by 12.6. under the same fertilization measures, the water soluble salt content was the lowest in the operation mode of fertilizer at 1:2. Increasing irrigation amount can reduce the total salt content of 0-20cm soil 11.5-12.6cm-20 ~ 40cm soil total salt content 7.8-9.5cm soil, water and fertilizer management measures are the most effective. (2) from the wheat yield components, Water fertilizer model irrigation 2.5 times SPV organic fertilizer 3600kg 路hm ~ 2, fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O-15-5- 5%) ratio of 1:2, wheat yield 5384.4kg/hm2 was the highest. It is the best water and fertilizer model to apply N-P2O5-K2O18 (-46%) 750kg / hm ~ (2), urea 300kg/hm2 's yield 2908.05kg / hm ~ (2) and increase 85.2g / hm ~ (2), compared with that of conventional irrigation. (3) in the corn mature period, the wheat yield is 2908.05 kg / hm ~ (2) and the yield is 85.2%. (3) during the corn ripening period, the wheat yield is 2908.05 kg / hm ~ (2) and the yield is 85.2%. Compared with CK CM treatment, organic fertilizer 2.5 times SPV irrigation treatment had the effect of reducing soil water soluble salt. The total salt contents of OM4 and OM5 in the treatment of one-off fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O-15-5-5%) were significantly lower than those in other treatments, which were 29.2% lower than that of CK, respectively. In terms of nutrients, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer combined treatment increased the available nutrients of soil. The content of available phosphorus in OM5 soil was the highest, which was significantly higher than that of OM4, and the content of organic matter in soil OM5 was increased by 42.4% than that of OM2, so it was the best mode of operational research. (4) from the corn yield factor, the content of organic matter in soil of OM5 was higher than that of OM2. Compared with the control, the yield of the treatments increased significantly, and the range was 38.66-65.43. In the treatment of 2.5 times SPV irrigation with organic fertilizer, the corn yield of OM6 treated with single topdressing fertilizer 80 was the highest. It reached 5184.75 kg 路hm ~ (-2), which was 23.14% higher than that of the customary model, indicating that less fertilizer application under the same treatment would not result in corn yield reduction. (5) the 1:2 ratio operation of 3600kg/hm2 fertilizer (N-P _ 2O _ 5-K _ 2O _ (15) -5%) could be used as the local wheat-maize rotation control salt. The main water and fertilizer operation mode of supplying fertilizer and increasing yield steadily.
【学位授予单位】：山东农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S156.42

【参考文献】