生物慢滤技术研究及其在集雨水饮用安全保障中的应用

发布时间：2018-08-04 19:09

【摘要】：饮水安全正逐渐成为一个全球关注的问题,发展中国家尤以为甚。雨水集蓄利用因其具有适用于分散居民点,操作简单,成本低廉等特点,正日益受到人们的重视。我国通过修建水窖、水柜等小型集雨设施解决了一些地区水资源短缺问题,但以细菌为代表的集雨水质污染问题严重制约了其广泛应用。我国农村地区居住相对分散,受社会经济和地理条件限制,常规集中式水厂不能在农村地区普及,通常情况下,农户只进行蓄前粗滤和蓄后沉淀,这些措施并不能有效去除集雨水中的病毒、细菌、重金属等有害物质,因此,必须进行集雨水深度处理以保障集雨水饮用安全。慢滤技术已有两百年的发展历史,该技术综合运用物理、化学、生物作用进行水质净化,其优异的水处理效果获得了广泛赞誉。慢滤技术具有运行维护简单,制水成本低廉,处理出水不需要化学消毒即可达标等特点,但该技术对污染物的去除机制尚不清楚,需要开展进一步研究工作,以期能够减少滤料堵塞机率,提高去除效率,延长运行周期,优化运行管理。本论文设计加工了4个生物慢滤反应器(编号为1#、2#、3#、4#),分别装填不同粒径滤料(0.15-0.3mm、0.3-0.9mm、0.9-1.35mm、0.3-0.9mm),其中4#生物慢滤反应器进行避光遮挡。通过测定氨氮、重金属、有机物、浊度、细菌等污染物的去除效果,确定了生物慢滤技术最优设计和运行参数：①滤料粒径最优为0.3-0.6mm。②滤料装填高度最优为0.6-0.9m。③运行适宜温度为15-35℃。④滤速最优为0.2m/h-0.6m/h。本论文揭示了生物慢滤反应器中存在硝化反硝化作用,其硝化作用发生在滤器上部0.5m内,反硝化作用在滤器下部完成。当C/N比为1.6-1.8时,有利于硝化反硝化作用进行。通过对滤床不同深度滤料扫描电镜分析,菌落总数、SS、POC取样测试,生物慢滤反应器避光对比试验等,深入探讨了生物慢滤反应器中的微生物作用机制。研究结果表明,表层生物黏膜中含有丰富的微生物群落,包括细菌、藻类、原生动物以及各种微生物分泌物,这些微生物形成了良性循环的食物链；微生物主要集中在表层2cm高度范围的滤料中,滤床高度为90cm即能保证出水水质,为生物慢滤反应器设计和运行维护提供了参考数据；适当的遮挡避光措施既可以有效抑制藻类生长,增加运行周期,又不会降低处理效果,对于生物慢滤技术的实际应用具有指导意义。本论文在试验研究的基础上设计开发了三套集雨水处理装置：家用自动生物慢滤水处理设备、慢滤池表层微生物黏膜清除装置、家用电解食盐水消毒液发生器。研发的这些装置为集雨水饮用安全保障奠定了坚实的基础。生物慢滤技术对集雨水中的浊度、色度、臭味、有机物、氨氮、重金属和菌落总数等指标均有较好的去除效果,处理后出水水质可以满足国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)限值要求。我国云南、广西、四川等地近年来的持续大旱为当地政府如何优化利用水资源敲响了警钟,雨水收集处理后饮用为解决这些地区水资源短缺问题探寻了新途径。
[Abstract]:Water safety is becoming a global concern, especially in developing countries. Rainwater storage is being paid more and more attention because of its characteristics that are suitable for dispersing residential sites, simple operation, low cost and so on. Our country has solved the shortage of water resources in some areas through the construction of water cellar, water tank and other small rainwater collecting facilities. However, the problem of water quality pollution, represented by bacteria, seriously restricts its wide application. The rural areas in China are relatively scattered, restricted by the social and economic and geographical conditions, and the conventional centralized water plants can not be popularized in rural areas. In general, the farmers only carry out the pre storage coarse filtration and post storage precipitation, and these measures do not effectively remove the collection. The harmful substances such as viruses, bacteria and heavy metals in rainwater must be treated in depth to ensure the safety of drinking.
The slow filtration technology has been developed for two hundred years. The technology has been widely used in water purification with physical, chemical and biological effects. Its excellent water treatment effect has been widely praised. The slow filtration technology has the characteristics of simple operation and maintenance, low cost of water making, and the treatment of effluent without chemical disinfection. The removal mechanism is still unclear, and further research is needed to reduce the probability of filter clogging, improve the removal efficiency, prolong the operation period and optimize the operation and management.
In this paper, 4 biological slow filter reactors (numbered 1#, 2#, 3#, 4#) were designed to fill different particle size filters (0.15-0.3mm, 0.3-0.9mm, 0.9-1.35mm, 0.3-0.9mm) respectively, and the 4# biological slow filter reactor was used to avoid light shielding. The biological slow filtration technique was determined by measuring the removal effect of ammonia, heavy metals, turbidity, bacteria and other pollutants. The optimum design and operation parameters of the operation are as follows: (1) the optimum particle size of the filter material is 0.3-0.6mm. (2) the optimum loading height of the filter material is 0.6-0.9m. (the optimum operating temperature is 15-35 C). 4. The optimum filter speed is 0.2m/h-0.6m/h.
This paper reveals the nitrification and denitrification in the biological slow filter reactor, which occurs in the upper 0.5m of the filter, and the denitrification is completed in the lower part of the filter. When the C/N ratio is 1.6-1.8, it is beneficial to nitrification and denitrification. By scanning electron microscopy analysis of filter bed depth, the total number of colonies, SS, POC sampling and testing. The mechanism of microbial action in the biological slow filtration reactor is deeply discussed. The results show that there are abundant microbial communities in the surface biofilm, including bacteria, algae, protozoa and various microbial exudates, which form a healthy circulation food chain; microbes The filter bed is mainly concentrated in the height range of the surface 2cm. The height of the filter bed is 90cm, which can guarantee the water quality. It provides the reference data for the design and operation of the biological slow filter reactor. The appropriate shielding measures can not only effectively inhibit the growth of algae, increase the operation cycle, but also can not reduce the treatment effect, for biological slow filtration technology. The practical application is of guiding significance.
In this paper, three sets of rainwater collection devices are designed and developed on the basis of experimental research: domestic automatic biological slow filter water treatment equipment, microorganism mucous membrane cleaning device of slow filter, and household electrolysis salt water disinfectant generator. These devices have laid a solid foundation for the safety of rainwater drinking.
The biological slow filtration technology has better removal effect on the turbidity, chromaticity, odor, organic matter, ammonia nitrogen, heavy metal and the total number of colonies in the rain water, and the water quality after treatment can meet the national standard of drinking water sanitary standard > (GB5749-2006) limit. The persistent drought in Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan and other places in recent years is the local administration in China. The government has sounded the alarm on how to optimize the use of water resources, and drinking after rainwater collection has explored a new way to solve the problem of water shortage in these areas.
【学位授予单位】：中国水利水电科学研究院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：TU991.2

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