中国古代民族关系中的质子研究

发布时间：2018-04-27 22:11

本文选题：中国古代 + 民族关系　；参考：《兰州大学》2008年博士论文

【摘要】： 在我国乃至世界历史上,以一些重要人物,如藩属国国王、少数民族部落酋长等的子弟作为人质,是曾经存在过的、较为普遍的一种社会现象。这些被作为人质的人就是“质子”,或者又称“侍子”。质子的存在不是偶然的,质子是一定社会阶段政治、经济、军事、文化等因素综合作用的产物。要想对质子有一个比较全面的认识,有必要对其内涵、类型,质子的起源、历史发展过程及质子制度的形成、完善和在我国的发展演变,还有质子在我国民族关系史上的作用等问题进行比较系统的研究和探讨。本文主要研究存在于我国民族关系中的质子,具体而言,有以下几个方面: 一是所有周边少数民族给中原王朝所送质子。这些质子都是在民族关系的层面之上,既涉及到国与国之间的关系,又涉及到复杂的民族关系,是本文研究的重点。二是存在于少数民族之间的质子。除了在中原王朝和少数民族之间存在着质子外,一些边疆少数民族之间也存在着质子现象。这部分质子是少数民族在边疆地区的相互争夺中出现的,如强大的少数民族政权往往强迫众多弱小的少数民族称臣纳质,这种情况在我国历史的不少阶段都曾出现过。还有局部地区少数民族政权在相互争霸的过程中,胜利者也往往要求对方纳子为质。以上情况多存在于中原王朝相对贫弱,影响力相对较小的时期,尽管这些质子不是向中原王朝纳送的,但他们同样是我国非常复杂的民族关系的重要组成部分,因而也不应被忽视。一部分对内的质子,如中原王朝对周边一些已纳入了郡、县体系的,由当地少数民族首领管理的地方征取的质子。这些地方政权虽然在名义上已经隶属于中央,但他们享有较大的自由权力,主要依靠当地少数民族首领行使国家的统治权。这样的地方随时有可能从中央统治系统中游离出去,为了加强对他们的有效控制,中央往往要求当地官员以纳子入侍的方式,与中央王朝之间保持一种经常性的联系。还有一些特殊时期的对内质子与民族关系密不可分,因此也作为本文研究的对象。如魏晋南北朝时期的一些对内的质子、元代的质子、清代的质子。本文将分制度篇、史实篇、作用篇,分别从不同的角度和层面入手来对质子进行较为全面的考察。制度篇分三章分别叙述中国古代质子制度的初步形成和发展、质子制度的完善、质子制度的演变和衰落并最终退出历史舞台的过程。史实篇分为七章,从质子的起源和商周时期的质子开始,分别对两汉质子、魏晋南北朝时期的质子、隋唐时期的宿卫质子、辽宋夏金时期的质子、元代的质子、明清质子的史实,进行尽量详确的介绍。作用篇分四章,分别论述质子与国家政治、质子与民族文化交流、质子与边疆安全和质子与民族融合的密切关系和质子在以上诸方面发挥的独特作用。
[Abstract]:In the history of our country and the world, taking the children of some important people, such as the kings of the subordinate states and the chiefs of the minority tribes as hostages, was once a social phenomenon. These hostages are known as protons, or sommeliers. The existence of proton is not accidental. Proton is the product of political, economic, military and cultural factors in a certain social stage. In order to have a more comprehensive understanding of proton, it is necessary to understand its connotation, type, proton origin, historical development process and the formation, perfection and evolution of proton system in China. The role of proton in the history of ethnic relations in China is systematically studied and discussed. This article mainly studies the proton which exists in the national relations of our country, specifically, has the following several aspects: First, all the surrounding minorities sent protons to the Central Plains Dynasty. These protons are all above the level of national relations, which not only involve the relations between countries, but also involve the complex national relations, which is the focus of this paper. The other is the proton that exists between the minorities. In addition to the proton between the Central Plains Dynasty and ethnic minorities, there are proton phenomena among some frontier ethnic minorities. This part of proton appeared in the struggle of ethnic minorities in the frontier areas, for example, the powerful minority regimes often forced many small minorities to call them "Shennari", which had occurred in many stages of our history. There are also local minority regimes in the process of competing for hegemony, the victors often ask each other to accept as a quality. Most of the above situations existed in the period of relatively weak and relatively small influence of the Central Plains Dynasty. Although these protons were not sent to the Central Plains Dynasty, they were also an important part of the very complex ethnic relations in our country. Therefore, it should not be ignored. Part of the protons inside, such as the Central Plains Dynasty on the surrounding areas have been incorporated into the county system, by the local minority leaders of the local collection of protons. Although these local governments are nominally subordinate to the central government, they enjoy greater freedom and rely mainly on the local minority leaders to exercise the ruling power of the country. In order to strengthen their effective control, the central government often requires local officials to maintain a regular relationship with the central dynasty in the form of admission. There are also some special periods of internal proton and ethnic relations are inseparable, so also as the object of this study. Such as the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties, some of the protons in the Yuan Dynasty, the protons of the Qing Dynasty. In this paper, the proton is investigated from different angles and levels. The system is divided into three chapters to describe the initial formation and development of the proton system in ancient China, the perfection of the proton system, the evolution and decline of the proton system and the final withdrawal from the historical stage. The historical facts are divided into seven chapters, starting from the origin of protons and protons in Shang and Zhou dynasties, including the protons in Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties, Sui and Tang dynasties, Liao, Song, Xia and Jin dynasties, and Yuan Dynasty, respectively. The historical facts of protons in Ming and Qing dynasties were introduced as much as possible. The role chapter is divided into four chapters, which respectively discuss the close relationship between proton and national politics, proton and national cultural exchange, proton and frontier security, proton and national fusion, and the unique role of proton in the above aspects.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K28

【引证文献】