魏源政治伦理思想研究

发布时间：2018-05-30 00:24

本文选题：魏源 + 政治理念　；参考：《吉首大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：魏源生活社会动荡不安,官场腐败,国家积贫积弱,外敌入侵的时代。对这些社会问题,魏源都有深刻的认识。作为湖南人,深受湖湘学派实学传统的熏染,又受到今文经学“通经致用”精神的深刻影响,所以魏源的政治伦理思想经世致用的色彩浓厚。魏源是近代史上开眼看世界的第一人,对西方的政治制度、风土人情等有全面的认识,从而为其政治伦理思想的形成提供了重要的思想文化背景。在政治理念上,魏源一方面对圣人之治、三代之治充满向往,另一方面从变易的历史观出发,以“仁”、“公”为评价标准,指出了三代之治的某些缺陷。他继承儒家的政治伦理思想,主张仁政。对于治国之道,魏源没有简单地在王道与霸道之间作取舍,而是以“心”(即动机)为主、以“迹”(实际行动)为标准界定王道和霸道,进而在富强这个目标上统一王道与霸道。魏源继承儒家的民本思想,反复强调民众利益的重要性。他还针对不同层次的人,提出不同的道德要求,对于君子,应该以义为先;对于庶民,应以利利之。官德方面,魏源主要围绕君德和臣德来展开。他强调,君主应该通过各种渠道倾听民众的声音,认为古代的谏官制度有可能阻塞言路。又告诫统治者应该戒奢以俭,并针对不同层次的民众推行尚俭的政策。臣德方面,魏源着重强调为臣者应该善于向君主进谏,也要像君主一样厉行节俭。魏源的政治伦理思想主要继承了儒家的思想传统,同时也兼容了道家、法家等学派的思想。魏源的学术思想已经具备了“中学为体,西学为用”的雏形,一方面大量继承了中国传统文化尤其是儒家文化的伦理观念,强调以德为本的治国理念。另一方面,他看到了西方国家的选举制度、议会制度因体现了公正、平等的观念,具有普遍意义。但是,他对这些制度尚停留在介绍的层面,没有就清朝的政治制度改革提供有价值的建议。魏源对民本问题、王道与霸道的关系问题等是明清时期思想家们共同关注的问题,反映了近代以来中国人逐渐觉醒的民主意识、民权意识,对后世具有一定的启蒙意义。他对西方政治制度的介绍和赞赏是康有为等人推动晚清政治改革的思想源泉之一。他的公私观蕴含着民主平等观念和国家观念,这些观念在梁启超等人的思想中得到充分发展。
[Abstract]:Wei Yuan lived in a turbulent society, official corruption, the country accumulated poverty and weakness, the invasion of foreign enemies era. Wei Yuan has a deep understanding of these social problems. As the Hunan people, deeply influenced by the tradition of Huxiang school, and deeply influenced by the spirit of "connecting the classics to the use", Wei Yuan's political ethics thought has a strong color. Wei Yuan is the first person in modern history to look at the world. He has a comprehensive understanding of the western political system, local customs and so on, thus providing an important ideological and cultural background for the formation of his political ethics. On the one hand, Wei Yuan is full of yearning for the governance of saints and three generations of governance. On the other hand, starting from the changing view of history and taking "benevolence" and "public" as the evaluation standard, Wei Yuan points out some defects of the governance of three generations. He inherited the Confucian political ethics and advocated benevolence. As for the principle of governing the country, Wei Yuan did not simply make a choice between the king and hegemonism, but based on the "heart" (that is, the motive) and the "trace" (actual action) as the standard to define the king's way and hegemonism. And then in the goal of prosperity and strength of the unity of the king and hegemonism. Wei Yuan inherited the people-oriented thought of Confucianism and repeatedly stressed the importance of public interests. He also put forward different moral requirements for different levels of people, for the gentleman, should take righteousness as the first; for the common people, should benefit the benefit. In terms of official morality, Wei Yuan mainly revolved around Jun de and Chen de. He stressed that the monarch should listen to the people through various channels, believing that the ancient admonition system might block the way. He also warned the rulers to refrain from extravagance and to pursue the policy of thrift at different levels of the people. On the other hand, Wei Yuan emphasized that the courtiers should be good at admonishing the monarch and be as frugal as the monarch. Wei Yuan's political ethics mainly inherited the tradition of Confucianism, and also compatible with Taoism, Legalists and other schools of thought. Wei Yuan's academic thought has already possessed the embryonic form of "middle school as body, western learning as use". On the one hand, it inherits the ethics of Chinese traditional culture, especially Confucian culture, and emphasizes the idea of governing the country based on morality. On the other hand, he saw the election system in western countries. However, he did not offer valuable advice on the reform of the political system in the Qing Dynasty. Wei Yuan's concern about the people-oriented issue, the relationship between king's domineering and hegemonism was a common concern of thinkers in Ming and Qing dynasties, which reflected the consciousness of democracy and civil rights that the Chinese people had gradually awakened since modern times, which had a certain enlightenment significance for later generations. His introduction and appreciation of western political system is one of the ideological sources of political reform in late Qing Dynasty promoted by Kang Youwei and others. His view of public and private contained the concept of democratic equality and the concept of state, which were fully developed in the thought of Liang Qichao et al.
【学位授予单位】：吉首大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B252;B82-051

【参考文献】