罗尔斯《正义论》中的分配正义理论研究

发布时间：2018-06-07 07:15

本文选题：罗尔斯 + 分配正义　；参考：《中共广东省委党校》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：罗尔斯《正义论》中的分配正义理论主要集中在他的两个正义原则上,即平等自由原则和差别原则。在罗尔斯看来,社会的正义是由基本的权利义务分配和存在于不同阶层中的经济机会和社会条件决定的,所以他的第一个原则旨在解决政治层面中的权利和自由分配问题,第二个原则是用来处理社会和经济的不平等问题。这两个正义原则的设立是罗尔斯对社会价值和权利义务的重新设计与分配,是罗尔斯设想的正义的社会制度的原初基点和要遵守的根本原则。以公正的社会基本结构建构公平的社会、用“最大的最小值规则”批判地否定了功利主义伦理学所谓“最大多数人的最大幸福原则”、保障每一个人的平等自由和机会均等、使每个人都在坚持正义的制度中尽他的职责,是罗尔斯正义原则的超越之处。而且罗尔斯从最不利者的视角去看待社会的不平等,以差别原则来补充机会平等原则,合理调节低水平的平等和高度不平等两种制度安排,缓和贫富差距,是罗尔斯对分配正义理论的巨大贡献。虽然罗尔斯的分配正义理论论证严谨、逻辑缜密,但也有其局限性。如无法解决自由与平等之间的自由矛盾,混淆正义原则的正义性和自由性,分配正义的理论基础是从抽象人性出发,没有涉及分配不公根源,无法给人实质上的自由与平等。结合罗尔斯的公平的机会均等原则和经济伦理视域中的机会公平及我国的实际情况,现阶段,机会公平要求社会提供的供社会成员选择的条件和时机应当是平等的。在实际生活中主要表现为两个方面:第一,全体社会成员参与活动的权利与机会是平等的,即参与机会的平等;第二,社会要提供全体成员平等的享有发展个体潜力的机会平台,使个人增加把握机会的能力,即发展机会的平等。同时,根据差别原则及在其基础上可以针对性、层次性地实行救济性再分配、保险性再分配和可持续性再分配。
[Abstract]:The distributive justice theory in Rawls's Theory of Justice mainly focuses on his two principles of justice, namely, the principle of equality and freedom and the principle of difference. In Rawls' view, social justice is determined by the distribution of basic rights and obligations and the economic opportunities and social conditions that exist in different strata, so his first principle is to address the distribution of rights and freedoms at the political level. The second principle is to address social and economic inequalities. The establishment of these two principles of justice is the redesign and distribution of Rawls' social value, rights and obligations, and the original basis of the just social system envisaged by Rawls and the fundamental principle to be observed. To construct a fair society with the basic structure of a just society, using the "maximum minimum rule" to critically deny the so-called "principle of the greatest happiness of the greatest majority" in utilitarian ethics, and to guarantee the equal freedom and equal opportunities of everyone. The transcendence of Rawls's principle of justice is to make everyone do his duty in a system that upholds justice. Furthermore, Rawls views social inequality from the perspective of the most disadvantaged, complements the principle of equal opportunities with the principle of difference, reasonably adjusts the two institutional arrangements of low level equality and high inequality, and alleviates the gap between the rich and the poor. It is Rawls' great contribution to the theory of distributive justice. Although Rawls' theory of distributive justice is rigorous and logical, it also has its limitations. If the contradiction between freedom and equality cannot be solved and the justice principle is confused with justice, the theoretical basis of distributive justice is based on abstract human nature, which does not involve the root of unfair distribution, and cannot give people substantial freedom and equality. According to Rawls' principle of equal opportunity and the equality of opportunity in the field of economic ethics and the actual situation of our country, opportunity equity requires that the conditions and opportunities offered by the society for the social members to choose should be equal at the present stage. In practical life, there are two main aspects: first, the rights and opportunities of all members of society to participate in activities are equal, that is, equal opportunities for participation; second, Society should provide all members with equal opportunities to develop their individual potential, so that individuals can increase their ability to seize opportunities, that is, equality of development opportunities. At the same time, according to the principle of difference and on the basis of it, we can carry out relief redistribution, insurance redistribution and sustainable redistribution.
【学位授予单位】：中共广东省委党校
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B82-0

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