救星同胞技术伦理风险及其应对

发布时间：2018-07-01 13:26

本文选题：救星同胞 + 植入前基因诊断　；参考：《天津医科大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：作为胚胎选择辅助技术的植入前基因诊断技术(PGD),自诞生以来在世界范围内引起了巨大争议。尽管救星同胞的产生开拓了人们新的视野,为患病孩子、父母及家庭带来了希望之光;但却引发了许多严重的伦理问题。众所周知,伦理学的基本宗旨是为人类实践活动或行为的正当性、合理性提供一种理性的质疑、辩护。救星同胞问题引发我们思考如何尊重生命、生命的意义及思考人类存在的价值,人是否可以被商品化,是否人是他人为了达到目的的手段等等。本文主要介绍救星同胞的概念、产生过程、医学价值,及PGD背景下的世界各国有关救星同胞的相关规定。目前许多国家,包括美国、英国、法国、澳大利亚、荷兰、加拿大、中国等已不同程度开展实施PGD技术,孕育救星同胞,其中最有代表性的是英国和法国,这两个国家的法律明确规定了使用PGD技术、孕育救星同胞的前提必须是患病儿童父母生育罹患严重遗传性疾病的患儿。我国现行的法律规范中明确规定了PGD技术的适应症、禁忌症、从事此项技术的医疗机构条件和从业人员资质,并提出了应遵循的七项伦理原则。本章通过对目前世界各国救星同胞的立法现状进行回顾及分析,为完善我国对救星同胞问题的立法、制定可行性规范提供借鉴。针对救星同胞问题、PGD技术应用现状,文章指出了救星同胞面临的五大伦理困境,即:“商品化”风险、“设计婴儿”的风险、“自主权损害”风险、心理健康受损风险。此章节分别对上述五大部分进行详细剖析。尽管救星同胞诞生的首要目的是救治他们患病的同胞,但如若不能正确处理相关问题,则极有可能把人的生命“商品化”、“工具化”,即把救星同胞当作商品,根据患病孩子的需要“选取”救星同胞的身体组织、器官。若法律允许患病孩子的父母通过PGD技术“设计”完美婴儿,如选择孩子的身高、智力水平等等。此外,救星同胞是否具有决策权,是否可以对自己的身体进行支配,都是需要伦理学家、生殖医学专家和孩子父母共同探讨的。此外,鉴于救星同胞可能认为自己是救治他人的“工具”,被社会歧视,导致他们的自卑、自我认同感差、缺失人生目标,引起严重的心理健康问题。确保救星同胞和其他家庭中的新生儿平等,自主权不受到侵害、心理健康,是我们亟需考虑的问题。文章提出了解决伦理困境的途径,即应遵循的伦理原则、相关立法和探索其他可行性方案。通过详细探讨以人为本、有利无害、知情同意、非商业化及严格准入等要求,规范和引导人们对救星同胞问题的伦理道德观念。建立并健全我国的PGD技术立法,由专门的国家卫生部门对PGD技术进行管理、监督、协调,使PGD技术合理应用,严防技术被滥用。同时,成立人类生殖和胚胎技术委员会,在各级卫生部门、伦理委员会、遗传学家、生殖学家等的共同努力下,避免救星同胞被商业化,最大化程度维护救星同胞的福祉和权利。
[Abstract]:The preimplantation genetic diagnosis technology (PGD), as an embryo selection assisted technique, has caused great controversy in the world since its birth. Although the emergence of the Savior compatriots has opened up new horizons for sick children, parents and families, it has caused many serious ethical problems. The basic purpose is to justify human practice or behavior, and to provide a rational question and justification. The problem of the Savior compatriots causes us to think about how to respect life, the meaning of life and the value of human existence, whether people can be commercialized, or whether people are the means for other people to achieve their goals. The concept of savior compatriots, the process of production, the value of medicine, and the relevant provisions concerning the fellow savior of the world under the PGD background. Many countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Australia, Holland, Canada and China, have carried out PGD techniques to give birth to the Savior, the most representative of which is Britain and France, The law of the two countries clearly stipulates the use of PGD technology. The precondition of breeding savior compatriots must be children with sick children who have serious genetic diseases. Our current legal norms clearly specify the indications of PGD technology, the contraindications, the medical institutions and the qualifications of the practitioners engaged in this technology, and put forward that Seven ethical principles should be followed in this chapter. Through the review and analysis of the current legislative status of the fellow countrymen in the world, this chapter provides a reference for perfecting our country's legislation on the problem of the Savior compatriots and formulating the feasibility standard. In view of the problem of the Savior compatriots and the present situation of the application of PGD technology, the article points out the five ethical dilemmas faced by the siblings of the Savior. That is: "commercialization" risk, risk of "designing baby", "self sovereignty damage" risk, and the risk of mental health damage. This chapter detailedly analyzes the above five parts. Although the first purpose of the birth of the Savior compatriots is to cure their sick fellow countrymen, if they are not able to deal with the related problems correctly, it is very possible to make a person's life. "Commercialization", "instrumentalization", that is, the Savior compatriot as a commodity, according to the needs of the sick child "select" the body organization and organ of the Savior compatriots. If the law allows the parents of the sick child to "design" the perfect baby through PGD technology, such as choosing the child's height, intelligence level and so on. In addition, in view of the possibility that the siblings of the Savior may think that they are the "tools" for the treatment of others, they are discriminated against by society, resulting in their inferiority, poor self-identity, lack of life goals, and serious mental health. It is a problem we need to think about to ensure the equality of the newborns in the Savior and other families, the right of independence and the mental health. The article puts forward the ways to solve the ethical dilemma, that is, the ethical principles that should be followed, the relevant legislation and the exploration of other feasible schemes. Meaning, non commercialization and strict access requirements, standardize and guide people's ethical and moral concepts on the problem of the Savior compatriots, establish and improve our country's PGD technology legislation, to manage, supervise and coordinate the PGD technology by the special national health department, make the PGD technology be applied reasonably and prevent the technology from being abused. At the same time, the human reproduction and embryo technology are set up. Under the joint efforts of health departments, ethics committees, geneticists, and reproductive scientists at all levels, the operation Committee avoids the commercialization of savior compatriots and maximizes the well-being and rights of the Savior compatriots.
【学位授予单位】：天津医科大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B82-057

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