清前期中央政府对云南经济治理的公正性考析
发布时间：2018-08-17 17:20
【摘要】：云南地处边疆,少数民族众多,加之偏远山区多致使交通不便,自古以来经济社会发展始终与中原地区存在较大差距。正因如此,云南省有着与内地省份所不具有的特别事务,如边防、边务以及包含土司事务在内的民族事务等。因其地域的特殊性,中央政府在治理方式必然也与内地其他省份有所不同。在此背景下,清朝统治者更多地将云南纳入全国视野实施统治,并根据云南的特有的政治、经济、文化、地理特征,有针对性地实施了一系列经济治理政策。文本以历史为背景,梳理了清前期中央政府对云南实施经济治理的历史史料,并以史料为佐证,深入挖掘赋税征收、兴办屯田、土司贡赋、汉夷差异、与中原的经济比较等领域的政策差异和历史影响,并基于国家和个体权利义务的交换,从制度供给、制度执行和制度结果等视角考察经济政策的公正性。因中央政府对云南州县地区的民田、官田和少数民族土司采取的经济治理模式存在较大差异,具体分为三个层次展开分析。首先,对州县民的民田赋役政策的公正性分析,重点分析中央政府和州县民的权利义务均衡问题,并从中央政府在组织和恢复社会生产力发展、赋税制度的制定和实施、为经济发展创造的社会环境、促进社会公平正义等方面的考察其公正性表现;其次,是对于官佃户即耕种屯田的屯户和耕种官田的佃户的治理,重点分析中央政府与屯丁、庄丁的权利义务均衡,并通过考察屯田、庄田制度的变迁演进,评价其对于经济发展和社会进步的公正性;最后,对少数民族土司及其治下夷民经济治理的公正性分析,与州县民的分析方法大体类似,重点考察中央政府与土司权利义务均衡及土司与其治下夷民的权利义务均衡问题,特别是对比改土归流前后少数民族地区的经济社会发展情况,从功利主义角度对中央政府的经济治理政策作出公正性评价。依据上述分析得出公正性的总体评价,清代云南与全国经济治理的同步性进一步增强,全国性蠲免、丁银固化、摊丁入亩等政策均与全国同步实施;对屯田庄田的废除和规模税赋蠲免,调动了农民的生产积极性,使民众得到更多收益;摊丁入亩后,释放出大量自由的人口;大规模改土归流进一步削弱了土司制度对赋役的分割,加快了云南少数民族地区与全国经济的一体化的进程。因此,中央政府对云南经济治理的开发和经营是深入的,有效的,其经济方面的制度安排与总体上适应了云南当时的生产力和生产关系,社会经济呈现出发展进步状态,据此可以得出“总体公正”的评价。同时,屯田制度和庄田制度在实际执行过程中也不同程度存在与民争利的现象;改流前在土司治理下的夷民赋役繁重,且中央政府针对少数民族的优待仍倾向上层,改土归流后也不彻底,仍存在以牺牲“夷民”利益以换取边疆稳定的不公正现象。对于这些宝贵的发展经验和历史教训,我们应该深刻总结和反思,做到以史为鉴、古为今用。
[Abstract]:Yunnan is located in the frontier, has many minority nationalities, and the remote mountainous areas cause traffic inconvenience. Since ancient times, there has been a big gap between the economic and social development of Yunnan Province and the Central Plains. In this context, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty put Yunnan into the national perspective more and implemented a series of economic governance policies according to Yunnan's unique political, economic, cultural and geographical characteristics. This paper combs out the historical data of the central government's economic governance of Yunnan in the early Qing Dynasty, and takes the historical data as evidence, digs deeply into the tax collection, establishes the policy differences and historical influences in the fields of farmland collection, Tusi Gong Fu, Han Yi difference, and economic comparison with the Central Plains, and based on the exchange of state and individual rights and obligations, from the system supply to the system implementation. This paper examines the impartiality of economic policies from the perspective of institutional results. There are great differences in the economic governance models adopted by the central government to the private land, government land and ethnic minority chiefs in Yunnan Prefecture and county areas. It is divided into three levels to analyze. Firstly, it analyzes the impartiality of the tax and servitude policies for the private land of the prefecture and county people, focusing on the analysis of the central government and the ethnic minority chiefs. The balance of the rights and obligations of the people in the prefectures and counties is investigated from the aspects of the central government's organization and restoration of the development of social productive forces, the formulation and implementation of the tax system, the social environment created for economic development, and the promotion of social equity and justice. Finally, the impartiality analysis of the economic governance of ethnic minority Tujia companies and the Yi people under their rule is similar to that of the state and county residents. This paper investigates the balance of rights and obligations between the central government and the Tusi chieftain, and the balance of rights and obligations between the Tusi chieftain and the Yi people under their rule, especially compares the economic and social development of ethnic minority areas before and after the reform of the Tusi Reclamation, and makes a fair evaluation of the central government's economic governance policies from the perspective of utilitarianism. In general, the synchronization of economic governance between Yunnan and the whole country was further strengthened in the Qing Dynasty, and the policies of nationwide exemption, solidification of dirt and silver, and allotment of dirt and Mu were implemented synchronously with the whole country. Therefore, the central government's development and management of Yunnan's economic governance is in-depth and effective, and its economic institutional arrangements and overall adapted to the life of Yunnan at that time. Productivity and production relations, social and economic development and progress, from which we can draw the "overall justice" evaluation. At the same time, the system of farming and farming in the actual implementation process also exists in varying degrees with the people for profit phenomenon; before the change of the flow under the Chieftain's administration of the Yi people taxation is heavy, and the central government for the advantages of ethnic minorities. We should deeply sum up and reflect on these valuable development experiences and historical lessons, so that we can learn from history and use the past for the present.
【学位授予单位】：云南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B82-05;K249
本文编号：2188349
[Abstract]:Yunnan is located in the frontier, has many minority nationalities, and the remote mountainous areas cause traffic inconvenience. Since ancient times, there has been a big gap between the economic and social development of Yunnan Province and the Central Plains. In this context, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty put Yunnan into the national perspective more and implemented a series of economic governance policies according to Yunnan's unique political, economic, cultural and geographical characteristics. This paper combs out the historical data of the central government's economic governance of Yunnan in the early Qing Dynasty, and takes the historical data as evidence, digs deeply into the tax collection, establishes the policy differences and historical influences in the fields of farmland collection, Tusi Gong Fu, Han Yi difference, and economic comparison with the Central Plains, and based on the exchange of state and individual rights and obligations, from the system supply to the system implementation. This paper examines the impartiality of economic policies from the perspective of institutional results. There are great differences in the economic governance models adopted by the central government to the private land, government land and ethnic minority chiefs in Yunnan Prefecture and county areas. It is divided into three levels to analyze. Firstly, it analyzes the impartiality of the tax and servitude policies for the private land of the prefecture and county people, focusing on the analysis of the central government and the ethnic minority chiefs. The balance of the rights and obligations of the people in the prefectures and counties is investigated from the aspects of the central government's organization and restoration of the development of social productive forces, the formulation and implementation of the tax system, the social environment created for economic development, and the promotion of social equity and justice. Finally, the impartiality analysis of the economic governance of ethnic minority Tujia companies and the Yi people under their rule is similar to that of the state and county residents. This paper investigates the balance of rights and obligations between the central government and the Tusi chieftain, and the balance of rights and obligations between the Tusi chieftain and the Yi people under their rule, especially compares the economic and social development of ethnic minority areas before and after the reform of the Tusi Reclamation, and makes a fair evaluation of the central government's economic governance policies from the perspective of utilitarianism. In general, the synchronization of economic governance between Yunnan and the whole country was further strengthened in the Qing Dynasty, and the policies of nationwide exemption, solidification of dirt and silver, and allotment of dirt and Mu were implemented synchronously with the whole country. Therefore, the central government's development and management of Yunnan's economic governance is in-depth and effective, and its economic institutional arrangements and overall adapted to the life of Yunnan at that time. Productivity and production relations, social and economic development and progress, from which we can draw the "overall justice" evaluation. At the same time, the system of farming and farming in the actual implementation process also exists in varying degrees with the people for profit phenomenon; before the change of the flow under the Chieftain's administration of the Yi people taxation is heavy, and the central government for the advantages of ethnic minorities. We should deeply sum up and reflect on these valuable development experiences and historical lessons, so that we can learn from history and use the past for the present.
【学位授予单位】：云南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B82-05;K249
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