何谓道德——从“异乡人”的视角看

发布时间：2019-08-16 08:50

【摘要】：何谓道德?从"异乡人"的视角看,该问题除了指向"我们"世界的"伦理内核"外,还指向"我们"世界的"我"之道德自立的"道德内核"。"伦理"一词的古希腊语义及拉丁译读表明,伦理与人之居息的"本土本乡"及其共同生活紧密相关,道德更多地关涉"异乡人"的视阈。何谓道德的问题涉及伦理与道德相互化约的两个视角。"本乡人"的视角遵循着用伦理统一道德的路线。"异乡人"的视角遵循着用道德化约伦理的路线。然而,"何谓道德"之问在"异乡人"的视角上凸显的重要意义在于,它表明了区分伦理与道德对道德哲学的重要性。在文明史上,道德之问以两种方式敞开"异乡人"的视角并使伦理不再是一种直接的经验性习俗:其一,与灵魂放逐的"神话"有关;其二,与宗教形而上学根基的丧失有关。人类道德生活形式由此分为"传统"与"现代性"两种类型,它们涉及道德范畴的问题层次和语境分殊。透过"异乡人"的目光,一种思想的警醒和心灵的自由导向如下设"问":在道德问题的时空坐标中,到底什么紧要?对于"我们"的世界遭遇的现代性道德危机而言,两大难题的应对最为紧要:一是道德自由问题;二是伦理认同问题。两者的解释循环将使道德之"问"引领人们走向更为健全的道德自信。
[Abstract]:What is morality? From the perspective of "alien", this problem not only points to the "ethical core" of the "we" world, but also points to the "moral core" of the moral independence of "our" world. The ancient Greek semantics and Latin translation of the word "ethics" show that ethics is closely related to the "native hometown" of human habitation and its common life, and morality is more related to the visual threshold of "stranger". The question of what is morality involves two perspectives on the mutual agreement between ethics and morality. The perspective of "native people" follows the route of unifying morality with ethics. The perspective of "foreigners" follows the route of using morality to contract ethics. However, the important significance of the question of "what is morality" from the perspective of "stranger" is that it shows the importance of distinguishing ethics from morality to moral philosophy. In the history of civilization, moral questions open the perspective of "foreigners" in two ways and make ethics no longer a direct empirical custom: first, it is related to the "myth" of soul banishment; second, it is related to the loss of the foundation of religious metaphysics. Human moral life forms can be divided into two types: "tradition" and "modernization", which involve the difference of problem level and context of moral category. Through the eyes of "foreigners", a kind of ideological wake-up and spiritual freedom orientation such as the following "question": in the coordinates of time and space of moral issues, what is the point in the end? For the modern moral crisis encountered by our world, the two problems are the most important: one is moral freedom, the other is ethical identity. The cycle of explanation between the two will make the "question" of morality lead people to more sound moral confidence.
【作者单位】：东南大学哲学与科学系;
【基金】：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(SKYD20130018) 国家重大招标课题(10AZX004) 江苏高校哲学社会科学重点研究基地(道德哲学与中国道德发展研究所)重大项目(2009JDXM033)
【分类号】：B82-02

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