中国海陆平衡发展战略研究
发布时间：2018-07-28 10:13
【摘要】：近代史上,海陆复合型国家的崛起过程都不是一帆风顺的,独特的地缘环境为这些国家制造了难以克服的障碍,为了克服困难,迅速崛起,历史无一例外地将它们引向战争,并在最终与海权国家的角逐中落于下风。中国是典型的海陆复合型国家,有纵深广阔的陆地,也有漫长的海岸线,通过内部改革和对外开放,中国的经济、军事和政治影响力不断抬升,可以明确一点,中国是崛起中的海陆复合型国家。上古的华夏族在历史的不断演进中,通过与周边民族的不断交流,通过自身先进文明的传播,民族间的战争与融合,同化了很多历史上曾经存在的民族,华夏民族开始掌握越来越多的土地与资源,最终形成大一统的中华帝国,可以认为,中国的陆权思维是自古就有,根深蒂固的。1840年鸦片战争来自海上的英国舰队击败了清政府,自此海上的威胁将帝国封闭的海疆不断撕裂,第二次鸦片战争,英法联军攻占北京,甲午战争后割地赔款,使中国人认识到了海洋的重要,中国的海权观是在屈辱中建立的。中国当前与周边的国家都存在政治与贸易联系,中国的GDP也仅次于美国,成为世界第二,为了向世界提供各种产品,对外能源需求巨大。近二十年来,中国海军的规模不断扩大,质量提升迅速,各种战略,战术兵种齐全,足以对抗除美国以外的其他国家。不可否认,海陆复合型国家在崛起过程中也可能会走历史上法德俄的老路,然而历史证明这些国家的崛起之路是曲折的,争霸的思维无法引领海陆复合型国家实现崛起。虽然法德俄这些海陆复合型国家崛起的历史是曲折的,但它们也通过自身的实践,将海陆复合这种地缘环境的弊端展现了出来。这些国家的崛起往往同时威胁到背后的其他陆权大国和海权大国,在国际政治中被自己的对手包围,海陆两方面同时发展,需要巨大的资金投入,国力耗损严重,一旦海战失败,很难重建海军,为了避免崛起的过程中断,海陆复合型国家还有着焦躁的战略心态,在具体政策实施过程中经常急于求成。不克服这些内外困境,海陆复合型国家就可能重蹈这些国家的覆辙,这就为中国探讨和平的海陆平衡发展战略提出了必要性。本文通过分析中国作为海陆复合型国家的历史,得出了中国必须同时发展海权与陆权的结论。成功的经验与失利的教训为中国平衡海陆发展指明了方向。中国在同时发展海陆权的同时还必须注意面临的各类问题,与法德俄一样,中国的崛起也会受到守成国家的围堵,中国力量的强大可能会让守成国家让出本属于自己的利益。中国周边各国也表现出了一定程度的不安全感,中国正常的岛礁建设和海军巡航被认为具有侵略性,一旦这些国家与海权国家结盟就会对中国形成围堵之势。台海局势的不稳定也时刻影响着中国的海权建设,为中国的海陆平衡发展增添了不确定因素。当然,中国也面临着很多机遇,中国有着良好的工业基础和建设资金,很多周边国家基础设施落后,给中国推广高铁、公路提供了良好的机遇,将这些国家的基础设施与中国连接起来,中国的造船业也很发达,为海军建设提供良好基础。相对温和的国际环境也给中国更好的战略心态,和平与发展仍然是世界的主题,中国的崛起是在缓慢地改变世界的战略平衡,不会因为一些突发事件就导致国际秩序的崩溃。美俄之间持续的结构性矛盾为中国成为战略平衡手提供了可能,使海权国家和陆地大国都要依赖中国的支持。“一带一路”战略是中国海陆兼备的新尝试,中国未来的海权与陆权拓展方向应该与该战略保持一致。“一带一路”是和平的国家战略,中国在平衡海陆时应该把自身作为联系陆地和海洋的桥梁,利用道路优势让陆地国家和海洋国家通过中国得以交流,变地缘劣势为优势。同时中国还应该增强文化软实力,只有文化和价值观上的认同才能打消周边国家对中国崛起的忧虑。还应该防微杜渐,不断优化内部管理,防止海陆部门形成利益集团,从而影响国家的战略稳定性。只要有沉着的战略心态,秉持克服困难的决心与耐心,中国的海陆平衡发展就一定能实现。
[Abstract]:In modern history, the rising process of the land and sea complex countries was not smooth sailing. The unique geographical environment made these countries difficult to overcome. In order to overcome the difficulties and rise rapidly, history has led them to the war without exception, and in the end and the competition of the sea power countries, China is a typical sea land compound. Type countries, with deep and broad land, and long coastline. Through internal reform and opening to the outside world, China's economic, military and political influence is constantly rising. It is clear that China is a rising sea land compound country. The spread of its own advanced civilization, the war and fusion of ethnic groups, assimilated many people in history, and the Chinese nation began to master more and more land and resources, and finally formed a great Chinese Empire. It can be considered that China's land right thinking is a deep-rooted.1840 Opium War from the sea from the ancient times. The national fleet defeated the Qing government. The threat of the sea had torn the closed empire of the Empire, the second Opium War, the British French coalition conquered Beijing, and the Chinese people realized the importance of the ocean. The Chinese view of the sea power was established in the humiliation. In connection, China's GDP is second only to the United States, the second in the world. In order to provide a variety of products to the world, the demand for foreign energy is huge. In the past twenty years, the scale of the Chinese navy has been expanding, the quality has been promoted rapidly, all kinds of strategies and tactics are complete, enough to counter the other countries except the United States. The rise of France, Germany and Russia may also be taken in the course of the rise of history. However, history has proved that the rise of these countries is tortuous, and the thinking of hegemony cannot lead the sea land compound countries to rise. Although the history of the rise of the sea land compound countries of France, Germany and Russia is tortuous, they also combine the sea land and the sea through their own practice. The rise of the land edge environment has emerged. The rise of these countries often threatens the other land power and sea power countries behind them. They are surrounded by their own rivals in international politics, both sea land and sea are developing at the same time. They need huge capital investment and serious loss of national power. Once the naval war fails, it is difficult to rebuild the Navy, in order to avoid rising. In the course of the implementation of specific policies, the complex countries of sea and land are often anxious to succeed in the implementation of specific policies. As the history of the sea land and land compound state, China has drawn the conclusion that China must develop both maritime rights and land rights at the same time. The successful experience and the lessons of the loss have pointed out the direction for China to balance the development of the sea and land. The strength of China's strength may let the country keep its own interests. The countries around China also show a certain degree of insecurity. China's normal reefs construction and naval cruise are considered aggressive. Once these countries are aligned with the sea power countries, China will form a blockade. The instability of the sea situation also affects China's maritime rights construction and adds uncertain factors to the development of China's sea and land balance. Of course, China is also faced with many opportunities. China has a good industrial base and construction funds. Many of the surrounding countries are backward in infrastructure, and provide good opportunities for China to promote high speed rail. The infrastructure of some countries is connected with China, China's shipbuilding industry is also very developed, providing a good foundation for the construction of the Navy. A relatively mild international environment has also given China a better strategic attitude. Peace and development are still the theme of the world. The rise of China is a strategic balance in the slow change of the world, and it will not be caused by some unexpected events. The continuous structural contradiction between the United States and Russia has provided the possibility for China to become a strategic balance hand, which makes the sea power countries and the land-based powers rely on China's support. The "one road" strategy is a new attempt of China and sea and land, and the future direction of China's sea rights and land rights expansion should be maintained with the strategy. "Along the road" is a peaceful national strategy. China should take itself as a bridge between land and sea when balancing land and sea, making use of the advantage of the road to allow land and sea countries to communicate through China and transform their geographical disadvantages into advantages. Identification can eliminate the concerns of the surrounding countries on the rise of China. It should also prevent the development of the country's strategic stability. As long as there is a calm strategic attitude and the determination and patience of overcoming difficulties, the development of China's land and sea balance will be achieved.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D820
本文编号：2149760
[Abstract]:In modern history, the rising process of the land and sea complex countries was not smooth sailing. The unique geographical environment made these countries difficult to overcome. In order to overcome the difficulties and rise rapidly, history has led them to the war without exception, and in the end and the competition of the sea power countries, China is a typical sea land compound. Type countries, with deep and broad land, and long coastline. Through internal reform and opening to the outside world, China's economic, military and political influence is constantly rising. It is clear that China is a rising sea land compound country. The spread of its own advanced civilization, the war and fusion of ethnic groups, assimilated many people in history, and the Chinese nation began to master more and more land and resources, and finally formed a great Chinese Empire. It can be considered that China's land right thinking is a deep-rooted.1840 Opium War from the sea from the ancient times. The national fleet defeated the Qing government. The threat of the sea had torn the closed empire of the Empire, the second Opium War, the British French coalition conquered Beijing, and the Chinese people realized the importance of the ocean. The Chinese view of the sea power was established in the humiliation. In connection, China's GDP is second only to the United States, the second in the world. In order to provide a variety of products to the world, the demand for foreign energy is huge. In the past twenty years, the scale of the Chinese navy has been expanding, the quality has been promoted rapidly, all kinds of strategies and tactics are complete, enough to counter the other countries except the United States. The rise of France, Germany and Russia may also be taken in the course of the rise of history. However, history has proved that the rise of these countries is tortuous, and the thinking of hegemony cannot lead the sea land compound countries to rise. Although the history of the rise of the sea land compound countries of France, Germany and Russia is tortuous, they also combine the sea land and the sea through their own practice. The rise of the land edge environment has emerged. The rise of these countries often threatens the other land power and sea power countries behind them. They are surrounded by their own rivals in international politics, both sea land and sea are developing at the same time. They need huge capital investment and serious loss of national power. Once the naval war fails, it is difficult to rebuild the Navy, in order to avoid rising. In the course of the implementation of specific policies, the complex countries of sea and land are often anxious to succeed in the implementation of specific policies. As the history of the sea land and land compound state, China has drawn the conclusion that China must develop both maritime rights and land rights at the same time. The successful experience and the lessons of the loss have pointed out the direction for China to balance the development of the sea and land. The strength of China's strength may let the country keep its own interests. The countries around China also show a certain degree of insecurity. China's normal reefs construction and naval cruise are considered aggressive. Once these countries are aligned with the sea power countries, China will form a blockade. The instability of the sea situation also affects China's maritime rights construction and adds uncertain factors to the development of China's sea and land balance. Of course, China is also faced with many opportunities. China has a good industrial base and construction funds. Many of the surrounding countries are backward in infrastructure, and provide good opportunities for China to promote high speed rail. The infrastructure of some countries is connected with China, China's shipbuilding industry is also very developed, providing a good foundation for the construction of the Navy. A relatively mild international environment has also given China a better strategic attitude. Peace and development are still the theme of the world. The rise of China is a strategic balance in the slow change of the world, and it will not be caused by some unexpected events. The continuous structural contradiction between the United States and Russia has provided the possibility for China to become a strategic balance hand, which makes the sea power countries and the land-based powers rely on China's support. The "one road" strategy is a new attempt of China and sea and land, and the future direction of China's sea rights and land rights expansion should be maintained with the strategy. "Along the road" is a peaceful national strategy. China should take itself as a bridge between land and sea when balancing land and sea, making use of the advantage of the road to allow land and sea countries to communicate through China and transform their geographical disadvantages into advantages. Identification can eliminate the concerns of the surrounding countries on the rise of China. It should also prevent the development of the country's strategic stability. As long as there is a calm strategic attitude and the determination and patience of overcoming difficulties, the development of China's land and sea balance will be achieved.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D820
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