宋代流外官的考任与出职

发布时间：2018-09-10 21:49

【摘要】：流外官是介于官和民之间的一个社会阶层,他们的产生和发展经历了一个相当长的阶段,是中国官制的重要组成部分。流外官阶层的产生有其深刻的历史背景,是由先秦时期的府史发展而来的,最初与官没有什么区别,秦汉时仍然能较容易地晋身官僚队伍,但从南北朝开始,直到唐宋以后,流外官的地位急转直下,渐渐脱离官员的行列,常与胥吏混称。流外官和胥吏与官员都有很大的联系,也有很大的区别,很多流外官来源于胥吏,流外官想要有所进取,又需要出职入流,成为流内官员,但三者之间的界定又并非泾渭分明,弄清三者的区别对于了解流外官的考任制度、出职制度很有帮助。宋代,流外官广泛设置于中央和地方各州官府之中,负责掌管文书、律讼之类文职工作,且在各个部门之间的流外官员额设置是不同的。宋代还设置了流外官专门的铨选考课机构——流外铨,流外官分为九品,每品皆有从品,只有考任通过,才能依年劳升迁,为将来的出职入流做准备。高级政府机构的流外官考任升迁比较快,低级流外官则难以升迁,流外官的选拔程序极其严格,资历、学识、举主都成了必不可少的条件。流外官的出职分为年满出职、比换出职、恩赏出职、推举出职等,只有铨选合格,积劳年满,举主引荐,甚至需要引对,方得注拟,对于出职的年限,不同部门、不同级别的吏人之间差异十分大,多至二三十年,少至七八年甚至三五年的情况都存在。流外入流并不意味着立即授官,还要勒留待阙,待阙的期限常常要等待很多年。即使是最终授予官职差遣,不同级别的流外官所授差遣也是差异万千,级别高的如中书堂吏,可以授予朝请大夫之类官职,低级吏人则只能授予簿、尉以下小官。总的来说,流外官出职后所授差遣的级别是逐步下降的,这源自于封建社会士大夫阶层对吏人内心深处根深蒂固的鄙视心理。但毕竟为吏人提供了一条晋升之途,有其历史意义。本文对流外官的考任和出职的详细进程进行探讨,希望能理出一条清晰地脉络线索,对多种考任方式和多种出职制度追根溯源。本文还对流外官的影响和历史意义进行了讨论,流外官来源于胥吏,又是流内官的重要来源,其行为也必然对政府职能机构的运行产生很多影响,有积极影响,也有消极影响。流外官扎实的专业知识促进者国家的正常运转,其固有的腐化本质也使不法行为愈演愈烈,而且,流外官人数的急剧上升使宋代本已严重的冗员问题更进一步。最后,本文还要探讨流外官考任与出职的古今意义,希望能借流外官出职的影响寻找到一些对于今天有益的借鉴,以求古为今用。
[Abstract]:Foreign officials are a social stratum between officials and people. Their emergence and development has experienced a long period and is an important part of Chinese official system. The emergence of foreign officials had its profound historical background, which was developed from the history of the preQin period. At first, it was no different from the officials. During the Qin and Han dynasties, it was still easy to get into the bureaucracy, but it began from the Southern and Northern dynasties until after the Tang and Song dynasties. The status of officials outside the flow, gradually divorced from the ranks of officials, often mixed with petty officials. Foreign officials and petty officials have great connections with officials, and there are also great differences. Many of them come from petty officials. If they want to be enterprising, they need to go out of duty and enter the stream to become officials in the flow. However, the definition of the three is not very clear. To make clear the differences between the three is helpful to understand the system of examination and appointment of foreign officials. In the Song Dynasty, foreign officials were widely set up in the central and local state government, responsible for clerical, legal and other civilian work, and the establishment of non-official posts among different departments is different. The Song Dynasty also set up a special organization for the Civil Service examination courses-Liu Waiquan, which is divided into nine products, each of which has its own products. Only by passing the examination, can it be promoted in accordance with the years of work, so as to prepare for the future flow of work out of service. The senior government officials are promoted quickly, while the junior officials are difficult to be promoted. The selection procedure is extremely strict, seniority, knowledge, and selection of the master have become essential conditions. The rank of exiting officials is that they are above or above their posts, more than those who have changed their posts, who are rewarded for their posts, and who are selected for the grade. Only if the civil service has passed the election, the accumulated labour has reached or reached the required level, if they have been recommended by the principal, or even need to be introduced correctly, they can only be noted and proposed. For the number of years of absence, different departments will, There are great differences between officials of different levels, as many as twenty or thirty years, as little as seven or eight or even three or five years of the situation. Outward flow does not mean that officials are immediately appointed, but that they are left behind, often for many years. Even if the official post was finally granted, the different grades of officials were different. High officials, such as the officials in the Central Scholarship Hall, could be granted to officials such as the official, but the lower officials could only be given the book, and the officers below the lieutenant. On the whole, the rank of the exiled officials was gradually decreased, which resulted from the deep-rooted contempt of the literati and bureaucrats in the feudal society. But after all, it provides a path of promotion for officials, has its historical significance. In this paper, the detailed process of examination and departure of convective officials is discussed in the hope that a clear thread can be worked out to trace back to the origin of various examination methods and system. This paper also discusses the influence and historical significance of the convective external officials, who come from petty officials and are important sources of internal officials, and their actions will inevitably have a lot of effects on the operation of government functional organizations, which have both positive and negative effects. The normal operation of the country which is promoted by the solid professional knowledge of foreign officials, its inherent nature of corruption also makes the illegal behavior intensified. Moreover, the sharp increase in the number of officials outside the flow made the problem of redundant staff which had already been serious in the Song Dynasty to go further. Finally, this paper also discusses the ancient and modern significance of the examination and assignment of foreign officials, hoping to find some useful reference for today by the influence of foreign officials, in order to make use of the past for the present.
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D691.42

【参考文献】