宋代特奏名制度研究
发布时间：2018-11-08 15:06
【摘要】：宋代社会统治者推行的是"重文抑武"的治国策略,在宋代读书、科考成为众多士人学子们的唯一选择,因此,宋代作为科举发展的鼎盛时期,宋代社会也被称为"科举社会"。科举制度发展到宋代一朝,变得更加制度化,也更加完备化。宋统治者大开科举之门,扩大科举取士的人数,因此,放宽了科举考试的考生资格限制,宋代统治者无论是从考试的内容还是考试的程序上,都做了制度化的规定,并在实践中不断加以调整和完善。宋代在扩大科举取士的同时,也广开恩科。特奏名制度作为宋代科举中的一种恩科制度,也是一个仅存在于宋代的特殊存在,对更好的研究和把握宋代科举社会的内容具有较高的研究价值。特奏名制度的创立和实施有其特定的社会历史因素,从社会大背景来说,是宋代建国者在汲取历史经验教训的基础上践行"重文抑武"的治国的策略的具体措施,是科举取士制度成为大家普遍认可的选才制度的主流文化的应运而生,是宋代社会经济文化发展的必然结果;从统治集团来讲,是维护和巩固统治地位的必要手段,是笼络和安抚士人学子,缓和社会矛盾的怀柔政策,是推行社会教化,形成良好风尚的有效措施;从社会大众角度来讲,是他们实现入仕为官的可取途径,是他们苦读经书、参加科考的动力。特奏名制度的考生的资格条件是在满足正奏名的基础上,根据考生的年龄和积累的举数而予以赐名。考生获得赐名时大都年老,甚至有的考生至死都未能达到特奏名制度的举数要求。特奏名制度的创立和实施在宋代社会产生了重要的影响。从积极的一方面来看,它维护和巩固了赵宋王朝的统治地位,为统治者广罗天下贤才治士,安抚和笼络笼络天下士人学子的心,极大地缓和了社会矛盾,维护了社会安稳,也促进了宋代民间社会建设和文化教育的发展,增强了国家整体的凝聚力和向心力,吸引力。但是,特奏名制度的实施也不可避免地带来了一些问题,它使士人学子们开始不务实学,虚度年华,形成了堕化的社会风气,另外,特奏名取士人数的增多也加剧了宋代"冗员冗官"的弊端,获得特奏名赐名的又都是年迈无实学之人,导致宋代官僚队伍的素质低下。因此,本文对特奏名制度的创立背景缘由,以及其制度设计与历史影响进行了较为详细全面的分析,力求客观了解和把握特奏名制度,从而形成一个对特奏名制度较为公正理性的认识。这对我们更好地了解宋代社会以及科举制度有着极大的帮助。对我们在当下如何实现古为今用,更好地做到"取其精华,去其糟粕",从历史过往经验中借鉴可行性的启示有着重要的指导意义。
[Abstract]:The social rulers of the Song Dynasty carried out the strategy of "emphasizing literature and suppressing military force". In the Song Dynasty, the scientific examination became the only choice for many scholars. Therefore, the Song Dynasty was the heyday of the imperial examination. The society of Song Dynasty is also called "imperial examination society". The imperial examination system developed to the Song Dynasty and became more institutionalized and more complete. The rulers of the Song Dynasty opened the door of the imperial examinations and expanded the number of candidates for the imperial examinations. Therefore, the qualifications of candidates for the imperial examinations were relaxed, and the rulers of the Song Dynasty made institutionalized provisions in terms of both the contents of the examinations and the procedures of the examinations. And in practice to constantly adjust and improve. Song Dynasty in the expansion of the imperial examination of scholars, but also wide Enke. As a kind of Enke system in the imperial examination of Song Dynasty, the special name system is also a special existence which only exists in the Song Dynasty, which has higher research value to better study and grasp the content of the imperial examination society in the Song Dynasty. The establishment and implementation of the special name system has its specific social and historical factors. From the social background, it is a concrete measure for the founding of the Song Dynasty to practice the strategy of "emphasizing literature and suppressing military force" on the basis of drawing the historical experience and lessons. It is the emergence of the mainstream culture of the system of selecting talents, which is generally accepted by all, and the inevitable result of the development of social economy and culture in the Song Dynasty. As far as the ruling group is concerned, it is a necessary means to maintain and consolidate its dominant position, a policy of conciliating and appeasing scholars and easing social contradictions, and an effective measure to carry out social education and form a good style of conduct. From the point of view of the public, it is the desirable way for them to become an official, and the motive force for them to study the classics and participate in the scientific examination. The qualification condition of the examinee in the special name system is to give the name according to the examinee's age and the accumulated number on the basis of satisfying the positive name. Most of the candidates were old when they were given names, and even some failed to meet the requirements of the special name system to death. The creation and implementation of the special name system had an important influence on the society of Song Dynasty. On the positive side, it safeguarded and consolidated the ruling position of the Zhao and Song dynasties, provided the rulers with a wide range of talents and talents to govern the world, appeased and won over the minds of scholars, greatly eased social contradictions and maintained social stability. It also promoted the construction of civil society and the development of culture and education in Song Dynasty, and strengthened the cohesion, centripetal force and attraction of the whole country. However, the implementation of the special name system inevitably brought about some problems. It made scholars begin to study unpragmatically, wasted their lives, and formed a social atmosphere that had fallen out. In addition, The increase in the number of special names also aggravated the "redundant officials" in the Song Dynasty, and the people who got the special names were all old people without practical knowledge, which led to the low quality of the bureaucracy in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, this paper makes a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the background of the establishment of the system, as well as its system design and historical influence, in order to understand and grasp the system objectively. In order to form a more fair and rational understanding of the special name system. This is of great help to us to better understand the Song Dynasty society and the imperial examination system. It is of great significance for us to use the past for the present, to take the essence and discard the dregs, and to draw lessons from the historical experience.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D691.3
本文编号：2318842
[Abstract]:The social rulers of the Song Dynasty carried out the strategy of "emphasizing literature and suppressing military force". In the Song Dynasty, the scientific examination became the only choice for many scholars. Therefore, the Song Dynasty was the heyday of the imperial examination. The society of Song Dynasty is also called "imperial examination society". The imperial examination system developed to the Song Dynasty and became more institutionalized and more complete. The rulers of the Song Dynasty opened the door of the imperial examinations and expanded the number of candidates for the imperial examinations. Therefore, the qualifications of candidates for the imperial examinations were relaxed, and the rulers of the Song Dynasty made institutionalized provisions in terms of both the contents of the examinations and the procedures of the examinations. And in practice to constantly adjust and improve. Song Dynasty in the expansion of the imperial examination of scholars, but also wide Enke. As a kind of Enke system in the imperial examination of Song Dynasty, the special name system is also a special existence which only exists in the Song Dynasty, which has higher research value to better study and grasp the content of the imperial examination society in the Song Dynasty. The establishment and implementation of the special name system has its specific social and historical factors. From the social background, it is a concrete measure for the founding of the Song Dynasty to practice the strategy of "emphasizing literature and suppressing military force" on the basis of drawing the historical experience and lessons. It is the emergence of the mainstream culture of the system of selecting talents, which is generally accepted by all, and the inevitable result of the development of social economy and culture in the Song Dynasty. As far as the ruling group is concerned, it is a necessary means to maintain and consolidate its dominant position, a policy of conciliating and appeasing scholars and easing social contradictions, and an effective measure to carry out social education and form a good style of conduct. From the point of view of the public, it is the desirable way for them to become an official, and the motive force for them to study the classics and participate in the scientific examination. The qualification condition of the examinee in the special name system is to give the name according to the examinee's age and the accumulated number on the basis of satisfying the positive name. Most of the candidates were old when they were given names, and even some failed to meet the requirements of the special name system to death. The creation and implementation of the special name system had an important influence on the society of Song Dynasty. On the positive side, it safeguarded and consolidated the ruling position of the Zhao and Song dynasties, provided the rulers with a wide range of talents and talents to govern the world, appeased and won over the minds of scholars, greatly eased social contradictions and maintained social stability. It also promoted the construction of civil society and the development of culture and education in Song Dynasty, and strengthened the cohesion, centripetal force and attraction of the whole country. However, the implementation of the special name system inevitably brought about some problems. It made scholars begin to study unpragmatically, wasted their lives, and formed a social atmosphere that had fallen out. In addition, The increase in the number of special names also aggravated the "redundant officials" in the Song Dynasty, and the people who got the special names were all old people without practical knowledge, which led to the low quality of the bureaucracy in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, this paper makes a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the background of the establishment of the system, as well as its system design and historical influence, in order to understand and grasp the system objectively. In order to form a more fair and rational understanding of the special name system. This is of great help to us to better understand the Song Dynasty society and the imperial examination system. It is of great significance for us to use the past for the present, to take the essence and discard the dregs, and to draw lessons from the historical experience.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D691.3
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