“一元”与“二元”的历史变奏——对日本“国家主义”一元政治进程的历史与现实分析

发布时间：2018-03-04 00:20

本文选题：国家主义　切入点：历史结构　出处：《复旦大学》2004年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文用“国家主义”(Nationalism)定义日本“一元政治进程”的具体内容,将日本的 “国家主义”作为一个高度一元化的动态的政治进程加以考察和分析,重在究明导致这一“政治进程”在岛国日本形成或发生的“内在机制”与活动规律。为系统全面地研究上述问题,本文在分析和追溯的起点上不完全拘泥于近代以来的“国家主义”话语版本,而是从日本的历史源头开始挖掘,通过将这一政治进程纳入“历史结构” 在一定条件下的自我转换这一理论框架,用“大历史”的眼光对之进行梳理、甄别和考察, 以找出隐藏在这一“政治进程”背后起支配作用的一般规律或原理,并在此基础上,对本文的重点,也即发生在当下日本岛上的“新国家主义”一元政治进程进行深入探讨与分析,给出与历史逻辑相一致的学理上的解释与说明。日本“历史结构”的自我转换,是在一定历史条件下发生的一种有规律的活动。从历史上看,每当“二元结构”在外部强大力量的冲击下发生危机并出现解体时,日本总会习惯性地趋向“一元”,指向国家,即整个社会就像软体动物一样会习惯性地收缩到国家层面,寻求国家庇护以躲避风险,同时还会自觉与不自觉地聚集全岛资源和力量来一致对外。而一旦外部危机被成功地化解后,日本又会自动地(有时是被迫)由一元状态(非常态)再度地以 “某种方式”重返传统的二元分裂状态(常态),同时继续其发展。当危机再次降临时,日本又会自动地转换到一元状态。虽然每一次的转换在“条件”和“具体内容”上均有所不同, 但在“结构”与“形态”上却显示出了一种惊人的形似性与重复性。这种在外压下造成的“二元结构”在解体后自动地向“一元结构”转换的自我调节方式,几乎已演变为日本社会化解外部危机进行自救的一种有效方式与手段。这一“结构转换”原理或规律似乎已演化成了岛国的一种固有的生存方式或模式。古代如此:在华夏文明的冲击下,“大化改新”是日本为摆脱国内外的困境,模仿隋唐大胆地走中央集权国家道路的一次尝试和体验,但这一以中央集权国家为基本内容的一元政治进程最终却因氏族政治的崛起而遭到失败,又习惯性地回到了原来分散的状态,并最终确立了以“幕 /藩二元体制”为基本内容的“二元政治格局”。近代也是如此:在西方文明的冲击下,日本为摆脱国内外危机,再次从分散走向聚合,大胆地模仿西方近代民族国家的建制,迈上了以天皇制国家为基本内容的一元政治进程,但这一高度一元化的政治进程却因日本对外的疯狂侵略和扩张再次遭到惨败。这样战败后的日本被美国强行改造后,随着“国家主义”的销声匿迹,又习惯性地回到了分散状态,并最终形成了“政府/企业二元体制”。二战的失败,导致了近代国家神话在日本人心中的幻灭,“国家主义”成了话语禁区,“国家”也因此成了“恶”的代名词和历史的罪人,失去了往日的辉煌、信誉和威望。人们不再对国家奉献忠诚,放弃了对国家的认同和追随,失去了对国家的信念和热情。“脱国家主义” 的情绪一时成为战后整个社会共同的总体政治意向和社会风潮。但这一政治禁区随着日本经济在战后的迅猛崛起,开始受到挑战和质疑。发端于上世纪 80 年代的日本“新国家主义”,在冷战结束后曾一度得到进一步的加强,又经过泡沫经济的崩溃和“失去的 10 年”的一番折腾,这一进程开始发生深刻的“质变”,使得被禁锢已久的 “国家主义”开始从最初的社会思潮,演化为一种强烈的岛国政治意志和倾向,一种建立在广泛的“民意”基础上的全岛一致的政治选择,一种未来的主流发展趋势。如何解释这一政治现象?本文依据日本特有的“历史结构”在一定条件下的自我转换原理,揭示了其内在的生成机制、运行路径和逻辑规则:在全球化浪潮的冲击下,日本战后形 2 WP=4 成的以政府/企业为基本内容的“二元结构”模式发生了空前危机,处在被不断解构的危难之中,从而导致了整个社会渴望向“一元政治”回归的强烈冲动。尤其是随着企业这一命运共同体的“解体”,社会对新的一元目标的追求就自然而然地由企业等地方性中间组织转向了国家,开始对国家提出新的要求,期望重建国家这一传统的共同体,渴望得到国家的保护, 并借助于国家的力量来回应危机。这样,日本社会便进入了旧的“二元结构”模式逐渐解体, 开始缓慢地向重建和强化国家、向“新国家主义”一元政治进程回归的历史转型期。氏族政治原理将会在暗中深刻地制约着这一进程,因此天皇与“天皇制”是日本向“国家主义”一元政治进程回归时最有可能动用的一大传统政治资源。本文共分前言、目录、正文、中日文参考文献、后记等部分。其中前言部分概述了作者研究这一课题的几点感想和体会,以便审阅者能在较短的时间里把握与了解作者的基本思路和观点。正文的主要部分是由三篇六章组成,如同一首由三个声部组成的大型时代“变奏曲” 一般。每一篇又都由两章组成,按照“一元”和“二元”的历史节拍发生“变奏”,构成了一个独立完整的回合。各篇之间的关系又是层层递进的,时间上是由远而近(古代→近现代 →当代),直逼当下的主题。在正文的首尾各安排了序章和结束语。序章主要是
[Abstract]:This article uses the "nationalism" (Nationalism) to define the specific content of the "one dollar political process" in Japan.
"Nationalism", as a highly unified and dynamic political process, is examined and analyzed, and the emphasis is on the "politics".
The "internal mechanism" and the law of activity in the formation or occurrence of the process of governance in Japan.
For a systematic and comprehensive study of the above problems, this article is not fully constrained by the "country" in modern times at the beginning of the analysis and tracing.
The discourse version of the "family doctrine" began to be excavated from the source of Japan's history, by incorporating this political process into the "historical structure".
In a certain condition, the theoretical framework of self conversion is combed, screened and examined with the view of "great history".
To find out the general rules or principles that are hidden behind this "political process", and on this basis, this article
The key point is to discuss and analyze the "Neo nationalism" political process on the Japanese island.
A theoretical explanation and explanation that is consistent with the logic of history.
The self conversion of "historical structure" in Japan is a regular activity under certain historical conditions.
As a matter of fact, whenever the "two yuan structure" has a crisis and disintegration under the impact of a powerful external force, Japan will always be used to it.
The land tends to "one yuan", pointing to the country, that is, the whole society, like a mollusk, is habitually contracted to the national level.
To seek national asylum to avoid risk, and to consciously and unconsciously gather the resources and power of the whole island to be consistent with the outside world.
When the external crisis has been successfully defused, Japan will automatically (sometimes be forced) again from the one state (unnormal) state.
"Some way" return to the traditional two division state (normal) and continue its development. When the crisis comes again, day
This is also automatically converted to a single state. Although each conversion is different in terms of "condition" and "specific content",
But in the "structure" and "form", it shows a striking resembling and repeatability. This is the "two" under the external pressure.
The self adjustment method of the transformation of the meta structure to the "one yuan structure" after the disintegration has almost evolved into a Japanese social solution.
An effective way and means for self rescue by external crises.
The principle or law of this "structural transformation" seems to have evolved into an inherent way of life or pattern in an island country.
In this way, under the impact of Chinese civilization, the "Dahua reform" is a bold way for Japan to get rid of the difficulties at home and abroad and to imitate the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
An attempt and experience of a centralized country road, but the most important political process in which the centralization of the state is the basic content.
In the end, he was defeated by the rise of the clan politics and returned habitually to the original state of dispersion, and finally established a "curtain".
"The two yuan system of the vassal vassal" is the basic content of the "two yuan political pattern". In modern times it was also the case: under the impact of Western civilization, Japan
In order to get rid of the crisis at home and abroad, again from decentralization to polymerization, and to boldly imitate the establishment of modern western national state, it has taken a step forward.
The political process in which the emperor made the state as the basic content, but this highly unified political process was due to the frenzy of Japan.
Aggression and expansion were again disastrous. After the defeat of the United States, after the United States was forced to reform, with the sale of "nationalism"
Disappeared, and habitually returned to the dispersed state, and eventually formed a "government / enterprise system of two yuan.
The failure of World War II led to the disillusionment of modern national mythology in the hearts of the Japanese, and "nationalism" became a discourse forbidden area.
As a result, "home" has become the pronoun of "evil" and the sinner of history. It has lost its past glory, reputation and prestige.
Dedicate loyalty to the state, give up the identity and follow the country, lose the faith and enthusiasm of the country. "Denationalism".
For a moment, the emotion became the general political intention and social trend of the whole society after the war.
However, with the rapid rise of the Japanese economy after the war, the political forbidden zone began to be challenged and questioned. It began in the last century.
In 80s, the "Neo nationalism" of Japan had been further strengthened after the end of the cold war, and after the bubble economy.
The process of collapse and the "lost 10 years" has begun to take place in a profound "qualitative change" that has been imprisoned for a long time.
From the initial social trend of thought, "nationalism" has evolved into a strong political will and tendencies of the island state.
A wide range of "public opinion" on the basis of the political choice of the whole island, a trend of the mainstream of future development.
How to explain this political phenomenon? This article is based on the self conversion of the "historical structure" of Japan under certain conditions
It reveals its internal formation mechanism, operation path and logic rule: under the impact of the wave of globalization, Japan's postwar form
Two
WP=4
The "two yuan structure" model, which is the basic content of the government / enterprise, has been in an unprecedented crisis and is in a crisis that has been deconstructed.
In this way, it leads to a strong urge to return to "one dollar politics" by the whole society, especially with the fate of the enterprise.
The community's "disintegration", the society's pursuit of the new one yuan goal naturally turns from the local intermediate organizations such as the enterprise.
The state has begun to put forward new demands on the country, looking forward to the reconstruction of the state's traditional community and the desire for the protection of the state,
And with the power of the state to respond to the crisis, the Japanese society has entered the old "two yuan structure" model gradually disintegrated.
It began slowly to rebuild and strengthen the country, and to return to the "Neo nationalism" one yuan political process in the historical transition period.
The political principle of the clan will restrict the process in the dark, so the emperor and the "emperor system" are Japan's "country".
A big traditional political resource that is most likely to be used in the return of the one yuan political process.
This article is divided into preface, catalogue, text, Chinese and Japanese references, postscript and other parts. The preface outlines the author
Some thoughts and experiences on this subject are studied so that the reviewers can grasp and understand the basic ideas of the author in a short time.
The main part of the text is made up of three chapters and six chapters, like a "variation" of a large age consisting of three voices.
In general. Each piece is composed of two chapters, which is formed according to the historical rhythm of "one yuan" and "two yuan".
An independent and complete round. The relationship between the chapters is progressively progressive, and the time is from the far close (ancient to modern).
To contemporary), almost equal to the theme of the moment. In the end the arrangements prologue and conclusion. Introduction is mainly

【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：D731.3

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