福利国家的政治学分析——以公民资格为视角

发布时间：2018-07-02 22:59

本文选题：公民资格 + 公民社会权利　；参考：《吉林大学》2004年博士论文

【摘要】：福利国家是一个具有重大理论价值的研究课题。本文以马克思主义为指导，在马克思主义权利观的基础上确立了公民资格的研究视角。通过公民资格理论的引入，本文力图建构“领域—权利—制度”的分析框架，对福利国家的发展和模式进行时间上的分析和空间上的比较，以期拓宽福利国家的理论研究视野，为中国的福利制度建设提供有益的参考。通过分析，本文认为在现代民族国家中，福利制度设置应以公民的社会权利为根基，以实现公民的社会权利为目的。这不仅有利于整个社会福利制度体系的建立和运行，更是国家政治和社会发展的重要保证。全文除导论和结语外共分为六章：视角阐释：关于公民资格的理论分析公民资格是一个涵义丰富的理论范畴。为此，本文从公民资格的理论内涵、理论源流和实现机制三个层面对公民资格进行理论上的界定。在理论内涵层面，作为从公民角度对国家与公民关系的概括，公民资格主要指公民在国家中的身份地位、权利义务和参与行动。在现代民族国家中，作为权利义务关系的公民资格在国家的政治生活中具有重要地位，主要包括市民权利、政治权利和社会权利三种构成要素。由于每种权利所体现价值（自由、民主、公平）的不同，所以三者之间存在着矛盾统一的辩证关系。在理论源流层面，，作为西方政治理论中最古老的思想，公民资格的理论发展呈现出两条不同的路径：古希腊道德型公民资格和近代资产阶级权利型 WP=209 公民资格。马克思主义以唯物史观为基础，在透彻分析国家与社会关系的基础上，对资产阶级权利观进行了深刻的批判。马克思主义认为，人是各种社会关系的总和而不是“单子式”的存在，资产阶级的权利观试图用市民权利取代公民权利，用自然的“人”取代社会的“公民”，造成了权利主体的分裂和权利本身的异化。马克思主义权利观从更为本原的意义上对公民资格的理念和实践予以阐释。这一论断在当前的资本主义福利国家的困境和公民资格危机中已经得到了验证。在实现机制层面，现代国家的政治生活中，公民资格的实现以民族国家的出现为前提；以社会公共领域的成熟为基础；以不同社会力量之间的斗争为途径；以国家法律中的公民权利为成果和下一轮斗争的对象。总之，随着生产力的发展以及公民自主能力的提高，公民资格的拓展是制度变迁的强大动力。框架构建：福利制度与公民资格模式的互动福利国家的典型特征就是具有发达的福利制度。因此，本章主要通过构建公民资格模式与福利制度之间双向决定的互动关系，进而以公民资格模式为依据对资本主义福利国家中不同的福利制度类型予以理论的分析和现实的比较。公民资格模式的划分以社会生活各领域——即市场领域、公共领域和国家领域之间的力量对比和相互关系为依据。按照社会生活中占主导地位的领域及其所体现的价值理念的不同，资本主义国家的公民资格大体分为自由主义公民资格、传统公民资格、社会民主公民资格三种模式，进而也形成了三种不同的福利制度设置。在自由主义公民资格模式的国家中，市场领域占据社会生活中的主导地位，以低权利、低义务为特征的市民权利受到极大的重视，因此形成了以市场作为公民福利最终归宿的补偿型福利制度。在传统公民资格模式的国家中，国家领域占据社会生活的主导地位，国家领域盛行的严格等级观念和权 WP=210 威服从意识渗透于社会生活的各个领域，因此福利制度也以强制性的社会保险为主导，属于工作成就型福利制度。在社会民主公民资格模式的国家中存在一个较为强大的公共领域。因此，社会中各个团体可以通过公共领域尽可能与雇主、国家形成一种合作式的伙伴关系。以高权利、高义务为特征的公民社会权利在此种类型的国家中受到较大的重视，因而形成了以公平为理念的制度型福利制度。不同的公民资格模式形成了不同类型的福利制度，不同的福利制度又进一步塑造了公民对自身与国家关系的不同体认，这就是福利制度与公民资格模式双向决定的互动关系。在理论分析的基础上，本文以英国、德国、瑞典三个典型的欧洲福利国家为个案对三种公民资格模式及其福利制度作以实证分析。福利国家困境与公民资格危机本章主要在归纳福利国家困境的表现及其外在原因的基础上，以公民资格为主线，对福利国家处于困境的根本原因予以分析。社会环境变化与福利制度僵化之间的矛盾是福利国家处于困境的外在原因。但是作为公民社会权利的制度体现，福利国家困境的根本原因是资本主义国家公民资格理念的危机。公民社会权利的实现以公共领域为母体，以民族国家为保证，并且要求国家积极作为，这无疑与市场的基本价值理念相悖。但是，市场领域无限扩张以及对其他生活领域的侵蚀是资本主义社会的本质特征。这一根本矛盾决定了福利国家陷入困境的必然性。更为严峻的是，随着以资本无限扩张为特征的经济全球化的到来和新经济自由主义的复兴，资本主义国家的公共领域逐渐衰落与商品化，国家可控的政治资源不断减少，这不仅威胁到公民社会权利的实现，更是对资本主义制度自我调试能力的巨大考验。 “第三条道路”与公民资格重建本章首先对20世纪末盛行于欧美资本主义国家的“第三条道路”理论 WP=2
[Abstract]:The welfare state is a research topic with great theoretical value . In this paper , based on Marxism as the guide , the research angle of citizenship is established on the basis of the Marxist theory of rights . Through the introduction of citizenship theory , this paper tries to construct the analysis framework of " field - rights - system " , and to provide a useful reference for the development and pattern of welfare state . Through analysis , this paper argues that in modern nation state , welfare system should be based on the social rights of citizens , so as to realize the social rights of citizens . This is not only conducive to the establishment and operation of the whole social welfare system , but also the important guarantee of the national political and social development .

The full text is divided into six chapters except the introduction and the conclusion :

An Interpretation of the Theory of Citizenship : A Theoretical Analysis of Citizenship

Citizenship is a rich theoretical category . For this reason , this paper theoretically defines citizenship from three aspects : the theoretical connotation of citizenship , the source of theory , and the realization mechanism .

At the level of theoretical connotation , as a generalization of the relationship between state and citizenship from the angle of citizenship , citizenship refers mainly to the status , rights and obligations of citizens in the country . In the modern nation state , the citizenship of the relationship of rights and duties plays an important role in the political life of the country , including the three elements of citizen ' s rights , political rights and social rights . Because of the value ( freedom , democracy and fairness ) embodied in each right , there is a dialectical relationship between the three .

At the level of theoretical origin , as the oldest thought in western political theory , the theoretical development of citizenship presents two different paths : ancient Greek moral citizenship and modern bourgeois rights .

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On the basis of historical materialism , Marxism has deeply criticized the view of bourgeois rights . Marxism holds that man is the sum of various social relations rather than the existence of " one - child " . The idea and practice of citizen ' s qualification are elucidated by the natural " man " instead of " citizen " of society . The idea and practice of Marxism ' s right view have been proved from the more primitive meaning to the concept and practice of citizenship . This thesis has been proved in the predicament of the current capitalist welfare state and the crisis of citizenship .

At the level of the realization mechanism , the realization of citizenship in the political life of modern countries is based on the emergence of nation - nation ;
Based on the maturity of the public domain of society ;
Take the struggle between different social forces as a way ;
In conclusion , with the development of productive forces and the improvement of citizen ' s autonomy , the expansion of citizenship is the powerful impetus of institutional change .

frame construction : interaction between welfare system and citizenship mode

The typical characteristic of welfare state is that it has a developed welfare system . Therefore , this chapter mainly establishes the interactive relation between the two - way decision between the citizen qualification model and the welfare system , and then compares the theory of the different welfare system types in the capitalist welfare state based on the citizenship mode .

The division of citizenship pattern is based on the comparative and interrelations between the fields of social life , namely , market , public domain and national territory . According to the dominant field of social life and the value idea embodied in social life , the citizenship of capitalist countries is broadly divided into three modes of liberalism citizenship , traditional citizenship and social democratic citizenship , and three different welfare system settings are also formed .

In the state of the liberal citizenship mode , the market occupies the leading position in the social life , the citizen ' s rights with low rights and low obligations are paid great attention , so the compensation type welfare system is formed in the market as the ultimate destination of citizen welfare . In the countries with the traditional citizenship mode , the state occupies the dominant position in the social life , and the strict level idea and the right prevailing in the country field

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Therefore , the social rights of civil society with high rights and high obligations are paid more attention in the countries of this type , thus forming a system - type welfare system based on equity .

Different forms of citizenship form different types of welfare systems , and different welfare systems have further shaped citizens ' different recognition of their relationship with the country . This is the interactive relationship between welfare system and citizenship mode . On the basis of theoretical analysis , three typical European welfare states in the UK , Germany and Sweden have made an empirical analysis of the three types of citizenship patterns and their welfare systems .

The Dilemma of Welfare State and the Crisis of Citizenship

This chapter mainly analyzes the root cause of welfare state in the dilemma of welfare state based on the manifestation of the predicament of welfare state and its external causes .

The contradiction between social environment change and the rigidity of welfare system is the external cause of welfare state . But as the system of citizen ' s social rights , the root cause of welfare state ' s dilemma is the crisis of citizen qualification idea of capitalist countries .

Article 3 Roads and the Reconstruction of Citizenship

In the end of the 20th century , this chapter is devoted to the " third road " theory of capitalist countries in Europe and America .

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【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：D57

【引证文献】