国会与冷战后的美国安全政策

发布时间：2018-07-05 20:46

本文选题：美国国会 + 安全政策　；参考：《中国社会科学院研究生院》2001年博士论文

【摘要】： 在美国的政治制度中，国会向来是政策决策的一个重要角色。自70年代国会改革以来，国会在美国政治生活中的作用和影响在不断上升。冷战的结束使得这种趋势有了进一步发展。而随着冷战后美国成为世界上唯一的超级大国，其安全政策正在对整个世界的安全环境、安全秩序以及其他国家的安全利益产生越来越大的影响。基于这一背景，本文试图通过国会的视角，对美国的安全政策，尤其是冷战后的安全政策有一个更为深入和全面的了解。全文分三章探索和研究国会与美国安全政策制定的具体情况。在第一章，主要对国会在美国安全政策中的影响和作用做一个宏观把握。第一节是国会的基本概况，主要介绍一下国会的组织及领导机构、国会的权力、国会的立法程序。由于国内外有关这一问题己经有了大量的著述和成熟的看法，因此，本文主要是在这些研究成果的基础上，做一个简明的归纳，并在归纳时针对安全政策，尽量做到有所侧重。第二节主要分析和探讨国会是如何影响美国的安全政策的。在这一节中，首先，依据美国著名政治学家亨廷顿和林赛的理论将美国的外交及安全政策分为三种类型，它们分别是，危机型政策、战略型政策和结构型政策，并对国会在三种不同类型政策中的影响和作用进行了分析。在危机型政策中，国会的影响力相当微弱，在这一领域总统具有无可争辩的绝对优势；在战略型政策中，国会在其中虽然也不占有优势，但是它抑有制约总统和行政部门的诸多手段；而在结构型政策中，国会享有某种主导地位。接着，介绍了国会影响外交及安全政策的四种方式，即立法权、预期反应、立法程序和制造舆论环境，进行了具体的介绍，并分析了这四种方式在实际运用中的利弊。第三节重点分析了影响国会外交及安全政策决策的一些关键因素。这些关键因素包括：总统及国会的领导能力和领导作用、利益集团、公众舆论、党派政治、机构及其之间的相互协调，并对冷战结束后的10年中这些关键因素的最新变化和特点进行了描述和分析。第二章主要探索和了解国会在安全政策方面的主要决策机制。由于本文的重点是探讨和研究国会参与安全政策决策的政治过程，所以仅对国会在安全政策上影响和作用做一个宏观的把握还是不够的，需要对国会内部政策制定过程进行一个更为详细的了解。按照正式的程序来讲，国会内部的政策决策需要经历以下过程：委员会审议、全院辩论和表决、另一院审议、两院协商。其中，委员会审议是国会决策最重要的一个过程，各项法律的起草和初步审议都是在委员会完成的，而且委员会也是国会决策中最关键的角色，它集中了相关政策领域最有影响的议员和专家，被赋予所辖领域制定相关政策的正式权限。因此在这一部分中，我们主要以委员会为重点探讨国会内部安全政策的政治过程。到目前为止，不论是在参议院还是众议院都接近半数的委员会在安全政策领域享有正式的权限总数的将近一半，然而，在制定安全政策方面，最重要的委员会当属参议院对外关系委员会、军事委员会和拨款委员会中的国防拨款小组委员会，以及众议院的国际关系委员会、国家安全委员会和拨款委员会中的国防拨款小组委员会。由于篇幅所限，本文重点介绍军事委员会和国防拨款小组委员会，并以这两个委员会为例，阐述国会安全政治的演变。第二章的第一节介绍的是军事委员会及其决策机制，其中包括：军事委员会的职能和权限、人员情况、在美国国家安全政策上的影响力、委员会的结构及决策模式。第二十是有关国防拨款小组委员会的运作情况，，其中包枯，小组委员会的主翌＊和拨款部门与授权部门的关系。拨款部门与授权部门的关系是国会内部各机构之间经常仕发生丁盾的一条主线，囚此，在这里以军事委员会和拨款小组委员会在国防顶算权力分配上的二动为例。分析了造成这些矛盾的一些制度原囚。在第三节中以军事委员会和国防拨款小邹委员会为例，讲述了O60年代以来国会内剖国防及安全政治的演变与发展，国会国防及安全政泊以10年为分期人体可分为4个阶段： 60年代——“内部游戏”阶段、70年代——“内部游戏”的扩故。80年代—一“外部游戏”的出现、9口年代“外部游戏”的进一步发展。并结合“外部游戏”的山现探讨了它对美国安全政策产生的影响。第三部分是案例研究。对国会在安全制定过程中的作用进行制度结构分析是十分重翌的，同时，对国会在制定安全政策过程中一些尺体案例进行解忻，有助丁对国会在制定安全政策中的作用有更直观的认识。在这里我们就冷战结束后对美国安全政策产生重要影响的案例做一些分析；这些具体的案例是：国防预算、波黑维和行动、北约乐扩、化学武器公约、B．2轰炸机项R、国家导弹防御系统（NMD）、制裁。国防预算。国合向来波称为是“政府的钱袋”，如果没有获得国会拨款法的批准，政府一分钱也不能支出，因此，象其他领域一样；拨款权是国会在制定安全政策中掌握的一项最有用的权力。尤其是冷战结诀后，有关战与和这样尖锐的
[Abstract]:In the political system of the United States, Congress has always been an important part of policy decisions. Since the Congress Reform in 70s,
The role and influence of Congress in American political life is on the rise. The end of the cold war has led to this trend.
As the United States becomes the world's only superpower after the cold war, its security policy is building a security ring for the whole world.
Environment, security order and the security interests of other countries are increasing.
From the perspective of Congress, the US security policy, especially the post Cold War security policy, has been more in-depth and comprehensive.
The full text is divided into three chapters to explore and study the specific situation of Congress and US security policy making.
In the first chapter, we have a macro grasp of the influence and role of Congress in the US security policy.
The basic outline of the conference mainly introduces the organization and leading bodies of the Congress, the powers of Congress, and the legislative procedures of Congress.
At home and abroad, there has been a lot of writings and mature views on this issue. Therefore, this article is mainly in these studies.
On the basis of the results, a concise summary is made, and the safety policy is summed up in the hour hand.
The second section mainly analyzes and discusses how Congress affects the security policy of the United States.
The famous American political scientist Huntington and Lin Sai's theory divide the US foreign and security policy into three types, they are respectively
It is the policy of crisis, strategic and structural, and the influence of Congress on three different types of policies.
It has been analyzed. In the crisis policy, the influence of Congress is rather weak. In this field, the president is indisputable.
In the strategic policy, Congress has no advantage in it, but it restricts the president and the bank.
There are many ways of the government departments, and in the structural policy, the Congress has some dominant position. Then, the Congress influence is introduced.
The four ways of foreign and security policy are legislative power, expected response, legislative procedures and the environment for creating public opinion.
The introduction and analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the four methods in practice.
The third section focuses on some key factors affecting the decision-making of foreign affairs and security policies in the Congress.
The leadership and leadership role of the president and Congress, interest groups, public opinion, partisan politics, institutions and their relationship.
Mutual coordination and description and analysis of the latest changes and characteristics of these key factors in the 10 years after the end of the cold war.
The second chapter mainly explores and understands the main policy-making mechanism of Congress in terms of security policy.
And studying the political process of congressional participation in security policy decisions, so we only have to make an impact on the security policy of Congress.
Macro grasp is not enough. We need to have a more detailed understanding of the internal policy-making process in Parliament.
In terms of procedures, parliamentary policy decisions need to go through the following processes: Committee deliberation, debate and voting in the whole court.
The other Committee deliberated, and the two chambers deliberated, and the Committee deliberation was the most important process of congressional decision making.
The grass and preliminary deliberations were completed by the committee, and the committee was also the most important role in the decision-making of Congress.
The most influential members and experts in relevant policy areas are given formal authority to formulate relevant policies in their respective fields.
In this part, we mainly focus on the political process of the internal security policy in the Congress.
So far, nearly half of the committees in the Senate and in the house of representatives have enjoyed positive policy in the field of security policy.
The total number of permissions is almost half. However, the most important committee in formulating safety policy is the Senate external.
The relationship Committee, the defense appropriation Subcommittee of the military committee and the Appropriation Committee, and the international relations of the house of Representatives.
The defense appropriation sub committee of the committee, the National Security Council and the Appropriation Committee, due to the length of space, this article emphasizes
The Military Commission and the defense appropriation subcommittee are introduced, taking the two committees as examples to illustrate the security politics of Congress.
Evolution.
The first section of the second chapter introduces the Military Commission and its decision-making mechanism, including the functions and functions of the Military Commission.
Jurisdiction, personnel situation, influence on the US national security policy, the structure and decision-making mode of the Committee.
The twentieth is the operation of the sub committee on defence appropriation, which is wrapped up in the dry matter.
The relationship between the appropriation department and the authorized department. The relationship between the appropriation department and the authorized department is regular among the agencies within the Congress.
This is the main thread of the shield, which is allocated by the military committee and the appropriation Subcommittee on the top of the national defense.
Take the two movements as an example.
In the third quarter, take the Small Military Commission and the defense Appropriation Committee as an example, it tells about the Congressional anatomy since the O60 era.
The evolution and development of national defense and security politics can be divided into 4 stages in 10 years.
60s - "internal game" stage, 70s - "internal game" expansion of the.80 era - an "external game"
The emergence of "drama", the further development of "external game" in the 9 dynasties, and combined with the mountain game of "external game", explored it.
The impact on American security policy.
The third part is case study. It is very important to analyze the role of Congress in the process of security making.
At the same time, it is helpful for Congress to formulate some safety measures for Congress in the process of formulating security policies.
The role of the whole policy is more intuitive. Here we have an important influence on the US security policy after the end of the cold war.
Some specific cases are analyzed: defense budgets, Bosnia and Herzegovina peacekeeping operations, NATO expansion, and chemical weapons.
Convention, B.2 bomber item R, national missile defense system (NMD), sanctions.
The national defense budget is called "the government's purse". If it is not approved by the Congressional appropriation act, the government will not approve it.
No amount of money can be spent, so, as in other fields, the right to appropriation is a part of Congress's security policy.
The most useful power, especially after the cold war, is about war and so sharp.
【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2001
【分类号】：D771.2

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