虢国墓地丧葬制度研究

发布时间：2018-02-10 20:21

本文关键词： 虢国墓地丧葬制度西周晚期春秋早期　出处：《河南大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：虢国是西周晚期至春秋早期京畿附近的一个重要姬姓诸侯国,对西周时期的政治、经济和文化都产生了重要的影响,但由于先秦文献对虢国的记载过于简略,致使虢国的历史扑朔迷离,学术界众说纷纭。虢国墓地的发现弥补了两周之际的考古空白,为研究虢国历史和西周时期诸侯国的丧葬制度提供了珍贵的实物资料。本文基于考古发掘的墓葬材料,并结合文献资料,对虢国墓地的丧葬制度进行探讨。并以虢国墓地为切入点,通过与晋侯墓地、应国墓地和国墓地丧葬制度的对比研究,进而总结虢国丧葬制度的特点,为深入探讨西周时期的丧葬制度打下基础。通过对虢国墓地的系统分析,本文得出如下观点: 一、虢国墓地在棺椁制度上的最高规格为一椁两棺,与文献记载的“诸侯五重”不符。原因是《三礼》成书较晚,加之后世的礼学家对社会上所流行的礼仪制度进行了加工、整理,刻意地突出了等级内容,并把礼制理想化。另一种原因是中原地区的气候条件不利于棺椁等木质材料的保存,由于棺椁朽蚀严重,仅存朽灰,可能会导致考古工作者的辨别出现误差。在墓道问题上,虢国墓地没有发现带墓道的墓葬,究其原因可能与“未得爵命为诸侯”有关。二、在用鼎制度上,列鼎制度已经形成,并延伸至其它器物,高级贵族随葬的青铜礼器在西周晚期已经出现僭越现象;乐器只有国君和太子级别才可以随葬并且只在男性墓葬中发现;出土的乐器以打击乐器为主,级别较高;通过对比可以发现,在随葬乐器制度和列鼎制度上丰镐地区要早于中原地区,说明周文化的传播是从宗周地区向四周扩散的。虢国墓地的一大特色是鬲的随葬均为偶数,这是其它诸侯国所罕见的。三、在车马制度上,虢国墓地随葬车马坑的等级并不仅仅取决于随葬车马数量多少,而是以车马坑的长度上的倍数关系来决定的;车马坑的形制也趋于规范化,从虢国墓地发掘的车马坑来看,车马坑与墓主之间也体现出了明显的从属关系。车马器的种类以辖、衔、镳为主,銮铃作为一种常见的车马器,与其它礼器一样,已经成为虢国丧葬制度的重要随葬品。四、在用玉制度上也有其自身特征,t\0玉、t\0贝主要见于长江以北地区,这是在周文化圈内流行的丧葬礼俗,在楚墓中这类丧葬礼俗就很少有发现,表明t\0玉并非楚人的传统。组玉佩中的玉璜大多呈奇数,而晋侯墓地则更多的表现为偶数,通过系统分析可以发现,璜与鼎的数目越多,墓主人的身份地位越高,反之则地位低。璜与鼎的数目没有明显的相对等关系,璜的数目与鼎的数目并不完全相等。
[Abstract]:Guo State was an important member of the State of Chu in the vicinity of Beijing Ji from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn period. It had an important influence on the politics, economy and culture of the Western Zhou Dynasty, but the records of Guo State were too brief in the documents of the Pre-Qin Dynasty. The discovery of the graveyard of Guo State made up for the archaeological blank in two weeks and provided valuable material material for studying the history of Guo State and the burial system of various states in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Based on the materials of archaeological excavations and the literature, this paper probes into the burial system of the graveyard of the Guo State, and makes a comparative study of the burial system of the cemetery of Guo State with that of the tomb of Jin Dynasty, the cemetery of Yingguo and the burial system of the cemetery of the State of Guoguo by taking the graveyard of Guo State as a starting point. And then summarize the characteristics of Guo State funeral system, lay a foundation for further discussion of the Western Zhou Dynasty funeral system. Based on the systematic analysis of the graveyard of the Guo State, this paper draws the following points of view:. First, the highest specification for the coffin and coffin system in the tomb of Guo State is one outer coffin and two coffins, which is not in accordance with the "five dukes of princes" recorded in the literature. The reason is that the "three rites" came into being later in the book, and the etiquette system popular in society has been processed by later generations of ritual scientists. Sorting out, deliberately highlighting the grade content, and idealizing the ritual system. Another reason is that the climatic conditions in the Central Plains are not conducive to the preservation of wooden materials such as coffins and outer coffins. This may lead to errors in the identification of archaeologists. On the question of tomb path, no tomb with tomb path has been found in the cemetery of Guo State, which may be related to the fact that he has not been appointed as a prince. Second, in the use of tripod system, the tripod system has been formed, and extended to other objects, the high noble burial of bronze ritual objects in the late Western Zhou Dynasty has appeared unauthorized phenomenon; Musical instruments can only be buried at the rank of king and prince and found only in the tombs of men; percussion instruments are the main instruments unearthed, and they are of higher rank; through comparison, it can be found that, In the system of funerary instruments and tripod, Fenghao area was earlier than the Central Plains area, indicating that the spread of Zhou culture spread from Zongzhou region to the surrounding area. One of the features of Guo State cemetery is that the burial of GE is even-numbered, which is rare in other princes. Third, in the system of carts and horses, the rank of the craters in the Guo State cemetery is determined not only by the number of carts and horses, but also by the multiple relationship in the length of the pits; the shape of the pits is also becoming more and more standardized. Judging from the caravan pit excavated by the cemetery of the Guo State, the relationship between the pit and the owner of the tomb also shows an obvious subordinate relationship. The types of carts and horses are dominated by jurisdiction, ranks and ways. Luanling, as a common kind of chariot and horse ware, is like other ceremonial objects. It has become an important burial object of Guo state funeral system. Fourth, the system of using jade also has its own characteristics. It is mainly found in the areas north of the Yangtze River. This is a popular funeral custom in the Zhou cultural circle, but rarely found in the Chu Tombs. The result shows that t jade is not the tradition of Chu people. Most of the jade Juan in Jade Peibei is odd number, while the tomb ground of Jin Dynasty is more even-numbered. Through systematic analysis, it can be found that the more the number of Huang and Ding is, the higher the status of the owner of the tomb is. On the contrary, the position is low. There is no obvious reciprocal relation between Juan and tripod, and the number of Juan and tripod is not exactly equal.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K878.8

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