皖南漳河上游土墩墓群的考古类型学研究

发布时间：2018-05-31 14:25

本文选题：土墩墓 + 陶器　；参考：《安徽大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：土墩墓是一种江南地区特有的,以封土成堆为特征的商周时期的古墓遗存,主要分布于长江中下游地区的江苏、浙江及安徽南部。这些土墩大小不一,多数为成群连片的集中出现,也有少数零散分布。皖南地区的土墩墓群是研究江南土墩遗存的一个重要区域。早在1998年,杨楠先生依据皖南地区土墩遗存分布的自然地理特征,将其划归至江南地区土墩遗存文化区的西部-宁镇区。2002年,宫希成先生根据皖南地区土墩墓的分布状况和其自身特点,并结合了自然地理状况将皖南地区的土墩墓划分了四个小区,以漳河流域为中心的南陵文化区被提议可以列为一个独立的文化区。本文集中讨论研究的便是以皖南漳河流域为中心的南陵文化区。皖南地区漳河流域主要指的是位于皖南地区北部、长江下游南岸的安徽芜湖境内的漳河。漳河上游主要指的是漳河流经南陵县南乡的区域,即现今芜湖南陵县葛林行政乡、南陵县三里镇新义行政村和南陵县牌楼行政村所在的区域,介于北纬30°40′至31°10′,东经117°57′至118°20′之间。该范围内有着刘家山、千峰山和龙头山三大主要山脉及漳河这条重要河流,以及多个可能是由于人工取土形成的不知名水塘。漳河上游的土墩墓群主要分布于三大区域,它们分别是南陵县三里镇新义行政村画眉自然村刘家山一带,牌楼行政村龙头山一带和葛林乡千峰、官洲行政村千峰山。本文主要是通过分析1989年与2010年安徽省文物考古研究所在南陵漳河上游的土墩墓群发掘材料,结合已公开发表过的有关南陵地区土墩墓的调查资料,进行深入探讨,以求从点切入,进而对皖南漳河上游的土墩墓群整体文化面貌进行补充。本文采用的是总-分-总的论述结构。首先,总的概括目前国内对于皖南地区,尤其是南陵地区土墩遗存的研究状况；然后,分别以独立章节重点研究皖南漳河上游三大区域的土墩墓群遗存情况；最后,对皖南漳河上游三大土墩墓群分布区域进行年代对应的墓群概况、墓葬形制和随葬品等具体问题的对比分析性研究,从而了解皖南漳河上游土墩墓群遗存的整体文化面貌。在整个分析研究工作完成之后,结合前辈学者业已完成的有关皖南地区土墩墓群文化属性的分析材料,推断出吴越文化可能是漳河上游土墩墓群的主要文化来源,而楚文化的东扩是导致其文化衰落的原因。其中,不可忽视的是宁镇地区的湖熟文化对其造成的影响。通过研究发现,漳河流域的土墩遗存约始于西周早、中期,竖穴深坑的葬式影响着并逐渐取代了当地传统的土墩堆筑方式,直至战国早期开始衰弱且逐渐消失。皖南漳河上游地区的土墩墓群主要是依山脉走向分布,排列在山脊上的土墩多有规律可循,而分布在山脚或山坡地带的土墩墓多为集群、散乱的排列。同时,分布在山脊上的土墩墓通常海拔相对较高,隆起较明显,保存较完整,而分布于山坡或山岭缓冲地带的土墩墓多呈漫坡状分布,或因常年的水土流失或因人为地取土,致使其墩底直径大于原有的实际墩底直径。在土墩墓群的分布上,大致可以按一条山脊及其附属的山坡地带划出一个相对独立的墓区单元。各个墓区单元之间均有山冲相隔。通常而言,在每个墓区单元内若存在着一个大型的土墩遗存,其周围将环绕着数个略小的土墩遗存,或是以其为中心呈放射状的排列于山脊上。而处于墓区单元内的中心墓葬,其表现形式不仅在于其出土器物的内涵上,还表现在堆土规模上。在墓区单元内的土墩墓往往紧紧相依,形成整体的土墩墓群,出土同期的器物,其器物种类、数量、型式特征等极为相近,这便极有可能为家族墓群。刘家山区域内的出土器物种类和内容相对较贫瘠,多以当地特色的印纹硬陶器为主,可能该区域内的地域封闭性较强。王峰山区域的土墩墓群年代应该偏早,因为多出土石器与夹砂陶器,未发现泥质陶器,故而对于陶器陶土的筛选未曾注意。龙头山区域的土墩墓群年代有早有晚,加之出土器物的种类、数量和内容最为丰富,而且在龙头山区域内及该区域内的墓区单元内皆存在贫富分化的现象,以上可以断定该区域内的文化内涵传承性较好。三大区域内出土红陶器的数量与种类要大大超过灰陶器。这从侧面可以佐证,该区域在西周时期多是当地取土当地制造生活陶器。同时,在漳河上游地区分布着众多西周时期的台形遗址和古铜矿遗址,或许当时此地发达的铜矿业与在这片区域内发现的丰富的土墩遗存现象有着密切的关系。虽然该文化区在墓群分布、墓葬形制以及出土器物特征上与宁镇区的土墩墓群有着诸多相似的文化特征,但是具有当地特色的文化现象亦十分突显。总的来说,笔者认为皖南漳河上游土墩墓群三大区域可独立为一个文化区。
[Abstract]:Based on the natural geographical features of the mound sites in the southern Anhui area , the mound tombs in the southern Anhui area are divided into four districts . In 2002 , the Nanling Cultural District , which is the center of the River Basin , is proposed as an independent cultural area . In the present paper , the Nanling Cultural District , which is centered in the Zhanghe River Basin , is discussed .

The Zhanghe River Basin in Southern Anhui mainly refers to the Zhanghe River in the northern part of Anhui Province and the south bank of the Yangtze River . The upper reaches of Zhanghe River mainly refers to the area where the Zhanghe flows through Nanxiang of Nanling County . It is composed of Liujiashan , Qianfeng Mountain and Longtoushan ' s three main mountains and Zhanghe River . It is mainly distributed in three major areas .

Based on the analysis of the excavated material of the mound tombs of Anhui Province in 1989 and 2010 in the upstream of Zhanghe River in Nanling , the author makes an in - depth discussion on the whole cultural aspect of the mound tombs in the upstream of the South Anhui Zhanghe River .
Then , the remaining cases of the mound tombs in the three major areas of the upper reaches of the South Anhui Zhanghe River are studied separately in the independent section ;
At last , a comparative analysis of the specific problems such as the tombs , the burial and the burial objects in the upper reaches of the upper reaches of the Zhanghe River in the southern Anhui Province is studied , so as to understand the whole cultural aspect of the cultural property of the mound tombs in the upstream of the Zhanghe River .

Through the research , it has been found that the burial of the mound in Zhanghe River basin begins in the early , middle , and vertical pit of the western Zhou Dynasty , and gradually replaces the local traditional mound construction method , until the early start of the Warring States period began to weaken and disappear gradually .

Generally speaking , if there is a large earth pier remains in each cemetery unit , the surrounding will be surrounded by a plurality of small mound remains , or it is arranged on the mountain ridge in a radial direction around it , and its manifestation is not only in the connotation of its soil and soil , but also on the scale of the compost .

There are relatively few types and contents of unearthed wares in Liujiashan area , and the local seal in the area is relatively strong . There are many kinds , quantity and content of clay pottery in the area of Wangfeng Mountain .

Although the cultural area has many similar cultural characteristics in the cemetery distribution , the burial form and the unearthed objects , there are many similar cultural characteristics with the mound tombs in the Ningzhen district . However , the cultural phenomenon with local characteristics is also very prominent . In general , the author thinks that the three major areas of the headstones in the upstream of the Zhanghe River of Anhui Province can be independently a cultural area .
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K878.8

【参考文献】