广富林遗址先秦时期的植物利用与早期湿地开发

发布时间：2018-06-05 07:56

本文选题：广富林遗址 + 先秦　；参考：《山东大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：湿地是一种非常重要的生态系统,与人类有非常密切的联系。而其特殊的环境对于保存环境信息和考古资料,尤其是植物资料十分有利。通过对这些资料的研究,我们可以重建过去的环境,并了解当时的人们与环境之间的互动。本文尝试以一个处于湿地环境的史前遗址——上海广富林遗址的考古资料为研究对象,以植物考古方法为主,结合古环境学、历史学、民族学等方面的资料,来探讨该遗址先秦时期(包括良渚文化、钱山漾阶段、广富林文化、周代)的先民对植物的利用和对湿地的早期开发。具体来说,主要讨论了广富林遗址的古环境、湿地植物类型及利用方式、湿地开发方式,以及当时的社会背景信息等。古环境方面,广富林遗址的植硅体显示该遗址在良渚时期的气候温暖湿润,到广富林文化时期则向凉干发展,而周代则延续了这种趋势。但是总体而言,湿地环境仍是其所处环境的重要组成部分。广富林遗址的湿地植物涵盖多个种属,数量众多,且在所有植物中的比例很高。主要包括水稻、菱、芡实、芦苇、蓼科、眼子菜科、莎草科等多个种属。其中植硅体和植物大遗存均显示遗址中有大量的水稻,在各时期均有分布。植物类型在各历史时期变化不大,说明在气候变冷变干的大趋势下,植物生长的小环境并没有受到太大的影响。但是在人类的选择行为下,湿地植物在遗址不同区域和不同的历史时期的分布方式有所不同,水稻、菱、芡实等植物可能受到人们的种植或鼓励。从遗址中的植物本身的特性以及出土背景来看,广富林先民对湿地植物的选择和利用可能从定居于此时就已经开始,且利用方式十分多样。主要方式包括食用、修建建筑类设施、饲用、药用、编织、酿酒等。食用对象以水稻为主,且这种主食地位不断得到加强,芡实、菱等也是主要的补充食物,这些作物的富余部分可能还被用作酿酒或用作饲料；作为建筑材料的植物以竹木、芦苇为主；多纤维、柔韧性好的湿地植物如芦苇、叇草等多被用来编织席子、绳索等日常用具；湿地植物的药用、饲用价值等虽然缺乏实物证据,但是存在一定的可能性。除对湿地植物的利用外,推测当时还存在其他的湿地开发行为。如发展以水稻种植为主的湿地农业,开展水产捕捞和早期水产养殖,发展水上交通,建造水利设施等。此外,湿地可能还在当地先民的精神信仰方面扮演着重要角色。此外,文中还对广富林遗址各时期所处社会背景进行了分析。认为良渚时期的广富林遗址只是一个处在金字塔型社会阶层底部的小型聚落,聚落的领导组织可能是以血缘为纽带,凝聚力不高；钱山漾类型和广富林文化两个阶段的社会状况目前尚不明确,但是广富林时期该遗址应是受多个文化因素影响,地位较为重要的聚落,推测受到较有力的政权统治的可能性较大；周代时期广富林遗址应是地方政权统治下的重要大型聚落,各方面的能力也进一步加强。总体而言,该地区应该没有受到比较大的自然灾害、战争等外在不利因素的影响,相对比较稳定和安全。
[Abstract]:Wetland is a very important ecosystem, closely related to human beings, and its special environment is very beneficial to the preservation of environmental information and archaeological information, especially plant data. Through the study of these data, we can reconstruct the past environment and understand the interaction between the people and the environment at that time. Based on the archaeological methods of plant archaeology, history and ethnology, the archaeological methods of a prehistoric site in Shanghai, a prehistoric site in the wetland environment, are used to explore the benefits of the ancestors of the site (including Liangzhu culture, Qian Shan Yang stage, Guang Fu Lin culture, Zhou Dai). In the early development of the wetland, the Paleoenvironment of the site of the Guangzhou Fulin, the type and use of wetland plants, the way of wetland development, and the social background information at that time were discussed.
In the paleoenvironment, the plants of the site of Guang Fu Lin showed that the site of the site was warm and humid during the Liangzhu period, and it developed to the cool dry during the Guang Fulin culture period, while Zhou Dai continued this trend. But in general, the wetland environment is still an important part of its environment.
There are many species of wetland plants in the site of Guangzhou Fulin, with a large number and high proportion in all plants. It mainly includes rice, diamond, Euryale ferox, reed, Polygonum, ophthalamalfamily, and sedge. Among them, large amounts of rice in the site are found in all the sites. There is little change in history, indicating that the small environment of plant growth has not been greatly influenced by the trend of cold and dry climate. But under human choice behavior, the distribution patterns of wetland plants in different areas and different historical periods are different, rice, diamond, Euryale ferox and other plants may be planted or drums by people. Encourage.
From the characteristics of the plant itself and the unearthed background of the site, the selection and utilization of the plants of the wetland plants may have begun at this time, and the ways of utilization are very diverse. The main ways are to eat, build building facilities, feed, medicinal, weave, and make wine. The main food is rice, and this staple food is the main food. Its status has been strengthened. Euryale ferox, chestnut, etc. are also the main supplement food, and the surplus parts of these crops may also be used as brewery or as forage; the plants used as building materials are bamboo and reed; multi fiber, flexible wetland plants, such as reeds, etc., are used to weave mats, ropes, and other daily utensils; wetlands. Although there is lack of physical evidence for the medicinal and feeding value of plants, there is a certain possibility.
In addition to the use of wetland plants, it is speculated that there are other wetland development behaviors, such as the development of wetland agriculture based on rice planting, fisheries fishing and early aquaculture, development of water transportation and construction of water conservancy facilities. In addition, wetlands may also play an important role in the spiritual belief of the local ancestors.
In addition, the article also analyzes the social background of the ruins of the Guangzhou Fu Lin site. It is considered that the site of the Guang Fu Lin site in the Liangzhu period is only a small settlement at the bottom of the social stratum of Pyramid type. The leading organization of the settlement may be a link of blood ties and not high cohesion; the society of two stages of Qian Shan Yang and Guang Fu Lin culture The situation is not yet clear, but the site should be influenced by many cultural factors and a more important settlement in the period of the Guangzhou Fulin. It is presumed that the possibility of a stronger regime is more likely. The ruins of the Zhou Dai period should be an important large settlement under the rule of the local regime, and the ability of all aspects to be further strengthened. The area should not be subjected to relatively large natural disasters, and the impact of external factors such as war is relatively stable and safe.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：K878;Q914

【参考文献】