三峡地区夏商时期青铜器研究
发布时间：2018-11-07 18:53
【摘要】：三峡地区地理环境特殊,具有局部的独立性,又是长江中游重要的水上通道。新石器时代考古发现中,早期的丰都渔腹浦遗址、中期丰都玉溪遗址、晚期的忠县哨棚嘴遗址,完整的新石器时代文化发现序列已经建立。至夏商时期,三峡地区已经有青铜器出土,这些青铜器多数为青铜兵器,也包含生产生活用具及少量礼器。青铜冶铸工具诸如石范在三峡地区也有出土,这说明三峡地区在青铜器冶铸技术上是有一定的水平的。三峡地区自然环境恶劣,远比处于西部的成都平原、东部的江汉平原要差得多。从三峡地区的夏商时期青铜器类型中主要有箭镞、鱼钩的情况来看,这些生产工具都表现了对环境的高度适应性。石质和骨质的生产工具基本上可满足巴人生产需要。由于铜矿资源的稀少,巴人必须将有限的铜矿资源用于兵器。青铜工具的制造需要复杂的流程,冶铸铜器的难度要比石质和骨质等工具加工难度要大的多,即使铜器的成品是由贸易交换而来,它们也比石器和骨器要珍贵的多。同盘龙城遗址、三星堆遗址出土的商代青铜器比较,三峡地区的青铜器也表现出一定的一致性,从出土的青铜尊和青铜M的造型和纹饰来看具有商文化因素,但从青铜冶铸技术上讲三峡地区还很落后,制造复杂纹饰和造型复杂的器物多用陶制合范,而在三峡地区已发掘的遗址中尚未发现用于制造复杂纹饰大件青铜器的陶范。虽然发现有少量石范,但石范多用于制造较简单的器物如箭镞、鱼钩等,而且石范多能重复使用,实用型较制造大件青铜礼器的一次性陶范要强。在铜矿资源三峡地区也不及两者。虽然出土的器物表明三峡地区青铜器间接或直接的受中原商文化的影响,在三峡地区夏商时期的文化层中,也发现了与中原地区相似的卜骨和用于贸易交换的贝币。贝币在殷墟和三星堆遗址中都有发现,我们可以这说贝作为通用货币是受到当时各方国认可的,也可以说明文化和技术传播的路线已经存在。这条文化交流路线的存在就为青铜技术的传播提供了条件。三峡地区夏商时期遗址多在江河的漫滩和台地上受洪水的冲刷严重,频繁的水患可使遗址中的器物被洪水冲走或冲出,三峡地区发现青铜器较少也可能与长江洪水的冲刷有关。
[Abstract]:The three Gorges region is an important water passage in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River because of its special geographical environment and local independence. In the Neolithic archaeological discoveries, the early Fengdu Yupu site, the metaphase Fengdu Yuxi site, the late Zhongxian Zhaobengzui site, and the complete Neolithic cultural discovery sequence have been established. During the Xia and Shang dynasties, bronze vessels were unearthed in the three Gorges region. Bronze casting tools such as Shifan are also unearthed in the three Gorges area, which shows that there is a certain level of bronze casting technology in the three Gorges area. The natural environment of the three Gorges region is much worse than that of Chengdu Plain in the west and Jianghan Plain in the east. The arrowheads and fish hooks are the main types of bronze wares in the three Gorges area during the Xia and Shang dynasties. These production tools are highly adaptable to the environment. Stone and bone production tools can basically meet the production needs of the Ba people. Due to the scarcity of copper resources, the Ba people must use the limited copper resources for weapons. The manufacture of bronze tools requires a complex process, and it is much more difficult to make bronze objects than tools such as stone and bone, and even if the finished products are exchanged for trade, they are much more precious than stone tools and bone tools. Compared with the bronze wares of the Shang Dynasty unearthed from the ruins of Panlong City and Sanxingdui, the bronzes in the three Gorges area also show certain consistency. From the shapes and patterns of bronze statues and bronze M unearthed, there are commercial cultural factors. However, in terms of bronze casting technology, the three Gorges area is still very backward, and the pottery for making complex ornaments and objects with complex shapes is mostly made of pottery, while in the sites that have been excavated in the three Gorges region, no pottery models have been found for the manufacture of large bronzes with complex patterns. Although a small amount of stone fan was found, Shi Fan was used to make simple objects such as arrowheads, fish hooks and so on, and Shi Fan duo can be reused, and practical type is better than one-off pottery fan which makes large bronze ritual ware. The three Gorges area of copper resources is also inferior to both. Although the artifacts unearthed indicate that bronzes in the three Gorges region were indirectly or directly influenced by the Shang culture of the Central Plains, similar bones and shellfish for trade exchange were also found in the cultural layer of the three Gorges region during the Xia and Shang dynasties. We can say that shellfish, as a common currency, were recognized by all countries at that time, or that cultural and technological transmission routes already exist. The existence of this cultural exchange route provides conditions for the spread of bronze technology. In the three Gorges area, the ruins in the Xia and Shang dynasties were mostly washed away by the flood on the floodplain and platform of the rivers. The frequent flood can wash away or wash away the objects in the site, and the less bronze ware found in the three Gorges area may also be related to the flood of the Yangtze River.
【学位授予单位】：重庆师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K876.41
本文编号：2317275
[Abstract]:The three Gorges region is an important water passage in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River because of its special geographical environment and local independence. In the Neolithic archaeological discoveries, the early Fengdu Yupu site, the metaphase Fengdu Yuxi site, the late Zhongxian Zhaobengzui site, and the complete Neolithic cultural discovery sequence have been established. During the Xia and Shang dynasties, bronze vessels were unearthed in the three Gorges region. Bronze casting tools such as Shifan are also unearthed in the three Gorges area, which shows that there is a certain level of bronze casting technology in the three Gorges area. The natural environment of the three Gorges region is much worse than that of Chengdu Plain in the west and Jianghan Plain in the east. The arrowheads and fish hooks are the main types of bronze wares in the three Gorges area during the Xia and Shang dynasties. These production tools are highly adaptable to the environment. Stone and bone production tools can basically meet the production needs of the Ba people. Due to the scarcity of copper resources, the Ba people must use the limited copper resources for weapons. The manufacture of bronze tools requires a complex process, and it is much more difficult to make bronze objects than tools such as stone and bone, and even if the finished products are exchanged for trade, they are much more precious than stone tools and bone tools. Compared with the bronze wares of the Shang Dynasty unearthed from the ruins of Panlong City and Sanxingdui, the bronzes in the three Gorges area also show certain consistency. From the shapes and patterns of bronze statues and bronze M unearthed, there are commercial cultural factors. However, in terms of bronze casting technology, the three Gorges area is still very backward, and the pottery for making complex ornaments and objects with complex shapes is mostly made of pottery, while in the sites that have been excavated in the three Gorges region, no pottery models have been found for the manufacture of large bronzes with complex patterns. Although a small amount of stone fan was found, Shi Fan was used to make simple objects such as arrowheads, fish hooks and so on, and Shi Fan duo can be reused, and practical type is better than one-off pottery fan which makes large bronze ritual ware. The three Gorges area of copper resources is also inferior to both. Although the artifacts unearthed indicate that bronzes in the three Gorges region were indirectly or directly influenced by the Shang culture of the Central Plains, similar bones and shellfish for trade exchange were also found in the cultural layer of the three Gorges region during the Xia and Shang dynasties. We can say that shellfish, as a common currency, were recognized by all countries at that time, or that cultural and technological transmission routes already exist. The existence of this cultural exchange route provides conditions for the spread of bronze technology. In the three Gorges area, the ruins in the Xia and Shang dynasties were mostly washed away by the flood on the floodplain and platform of the rivers. The frequent flood can wash away or wash away the objects in the site, and the less bronze ware found in the three Gorges area may also be related to the flood of the Yangtze River.
【学位授予单位】：重庆师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K876.41
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