汉魏晋南北朝石碑形制研究

发布时间：2019-04-23 23:42

【摘要】：石碑作为一种独特的石刻形式，源远流长，历代相承，具有清晰的发展脉络。汉魏晋南北朝是这一发展演变过程中的重要环节，它承前代之余绪，创造了石碑初步形制，发展至东汉桓灵时期，已十分成熟。魏晋石碑发展一度低靡。南北朝时复苏，成为隋唐乃至明清石碑形制的直接来源。根据历代金石文献、地方志、《水经注》及解放后考古新发现等统计，汉魏晋南北朝石碑可考可见者约700余件。在两汉、魏晋、南北朝不同时代，它们有不同的集中分布区域。受自然地理环境、社会政治、经济、文化、思想等因素的影响，各期各区域石碑之间表现出鲜明的区域特点。石碑碑首形制大致分为圆首、圭首、方首三大类，其中圆首类又细划为素面、晕纹、蟠龙、蟠螭四个亚类，三大类各自具有明显的形制特征及清晰的演化顺序。灵帝之前，圭首类碑数量最多，形制成熟完善；方首类碑数量居二，碑面多施画像；圆首类碑数量较少，，形制多样。灵帝时期，石碑以圆首晕纹居多，北方地区出现圆首蟠龙类。方首类碑面简洁。献帝时期，四川地区出现圆首蟠螭类。魏晋石碑形制多为圭首类。南北朝则以圆首蟠龙类为主，石碑内容及装饰图案还多见佛教题材。在中国石碑发展过程中，石碑形制与功用密切关联。两汉时期，墓碑多为圭首类形制，古朴稚拙。功德碑多为圆首晕纹类形制，精美华丽。纪事碑为方首类形制，简洁纯朴。魏晋时期，墓碑鲜见，可见者形制朴素简单。功德碑多为圭首类，简朴瘦长。纪事碑为圭首类。南北朝时期，各类功能的石碑均以圆首蟠龙式样为主。汉魏晋南北朝石碑各类型的发展存在着明显的差异，造成这种差异的原因既有类型相互作用的结果，也有不同时代、不同地域石碑相互影响的因素。而且这些因素的共同作用，还使它们的发展呈现出明显的阶段特点。石碑作为中古时代的文化产物，它是人类征服自然、改造自然的物质文化的结晶，也是古代精神文明的外在表现。一件件冰冷的石碑被赋予了潜在的文化含义和人类无限的精神追求。它作为时代界标矗立于世，见证了中国古代社会历史的变迁，维系了时代精神的传统。
[Abstract]:Stone tablet as a unique form of stone carving, a long history, successive generations, with a clear vein of development. Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties is an important link in the process of development and evolution. It is very mature to develop into the period of Huanling in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which inherited the afterthoughts of the previous generation and created the preliminary formation of the stone tablet. The development of stone tablets in Wei and Jin dynasties was once low. The revival of the Southern and Northern dynasties became a direct source of stele formation in the Sui and Tang dynasties and even in the Ming and Qing dynasties. According to the statistics of gold and stone documents, local chronicles, notes of water classics and new archaeological discoveries after liberation, more than 700 stone tablets can be found in the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties. In Han Dynasty, Wei Jin Dynasty, Southern and Northern dynasties, they had different centralized distribution areas. Influenced by the factors of physical geography, social politics, economy, culture, thought and so on, there are distinct regional characteristics among the steles in each period. The headpiece of stone tablet is roughly divided into three categories: round head, Gui head and square head. Among them, the round head is subdivided into four subclasses: plain surface, halo pattern, flat dragon and flat chi. Each of the three categories has obvious shape characteristics and clear evolution order. Before Lingdi, the number of the first type tablets of Gui was the largest, and the shape of the tablets was mature and perfect; the number of square head tablets was two, and more portraits were applied on the tablet surfaces; the number of round head tablets was less, and the shapes and systems were varied. Lingdi period, the stone tablet to round head halo most, the northern area appears round head flat dragon class. The inscription of the square head is concise. During the period of Emperor Xiandi, Yuanshou Panchi appeared in Sichuan area. Wei-Jin stone stele system for most of the first category. The Southern and Northern dynasties are mainly Yanshou Pan dragon, stone tablet content and decorative patterns are also more Buddhist theme. In the course of the development of Chinese stele, the stele-shaped system is closely related to its function. In the Han Dynasty, tombstones were mostly in the form of Gui's first type, simple and childish. Most of the Gongde tablet is round head dizzy pattern system, exquisite ornate. Chronicle for the first type of system, simple and simple. In the Wei and Jin dynasties, tombstones were rarely seen, and it was evident that the forms of tombstones were simple and simple. Gongde tablet for most of the first class, simple and slender. The Chronicle is the first category. During the Southern and Northern dynasties, the stone tablets of all kinds of functions were mainly composed of round head flat dragons. There are obvious differences in the development of different types of stele in Han, Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern dynasties. The reason for this difference is not only the result of interaction between types, but also the factors that influence each other in different times and regions. Moreover, the joint action of these factors also makes their development show obvious stage characteristics. Stone tablet, as a cultural product of the middle ancient times, is the crystallization of the material culture of conquering nature and transforming nature, and is also the external manifestation of ancient spiritual civilization. A cold stone tablet is endowed with potential cultural meaning and human infinite spiritual pursuit. It stands in the world as a landmark of the times, witness the changes of Chinese ancient society and history, and maintain the tradition of the spirit of the times.
【学位授予单位】：山东艺术学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K877.4

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