太行山旧石器遗址综合研究
发布时间：2019-06-27 08:39
【摘要】：太行山巍峨耸立在黄土高原东端,作为山西东部及东南部与河北、河南省的自然地理分界线。它是新构造运动的产物,最北端是北京的西山,经河北省,自山西五台进入山西,再向南一路延伸,直到豫北黄河北崖,是太行山的最南端。太行山由多种岩石构成,从北到南表现出丰富多样的地貌特征。太行山中段区域是由部分片麻岩组成,北段和南段以石灰岩或变质灰岩为主,太行山在地质史上经历了复杂的地质构造运动,由此造就了众多的太行山石灰岩洞穴。这些洞穴成为旧石器时代古人类理想的生存家园。迄今为止,在太行山西麓山西省内自北向南发现了一系列旧石器时代洞穴遗址,主要有:盂县黑砚水遗址、昔阳河上洞穴遗址、和顺背窑湾洞穴遗址、潞城黄龙洞遗址、黎城猫崖洞遗址、陵川塔水河遗址、后河洞遗址及麻吉洞遗址和老虎山遗址等,这些洞穴遗址除黄龙洞外,其余均进行过发掘或试掘,但相关的研究成果仅限于发掘或试掘简报,唯陵川塔水河遗址发表资料和研究性文章稍多,大部分洞穴遗址尚未做过精细发掘,也未开展过深入的研究工作。经梳理,太行山西麓发现的旷野类遗址或地点数量相对较多,自北而南,有五台旧石器地点、榆次东赵大发细石器地点、寿阳旧石器地点、榆社岚峪细石器地点、陵川马庄二圪堆和东波池旁地点、陵川孔台河等八处地点、晋城市周边县十余处旧石器地点、高平羊头山细石器地点、沁水下川遗址群等,这些遗址或地点部分经过试掘或发掘,且有较详尽的发掘简报或研究报告,其余均未做过深入研究。下川遗址应是太行山西麓旷野类遗址中研究角度多样、研究内容较深入的一处重要遗址。不包括周口店遗址,太行山东麓旧石器时代遗址虽然发现数量少,但在研究深度与广度方面相较于西麓要更为深入一些。目前,东麓报道的洞穴遗址有两处:平山县水帘洞遗址和安阳小南海遗址。另有一处旷野类遗址——涉县新桥遗址。截至目前,太行山旧石器遗址尚未开展过详尽、深入、全面的综合性研究,本文即是对这一研究空缺的填补,也是对太行山旧石器文化的基础性研究。研究内容包括:太行山旧石器遗址的分区与分期;太行山东西麓旧石器文化面貌及对比;太行山西麓南段洞穴遗址与旷野类遗址人类行为分析及人类对古气候环境的适应性研究,这是本文研究的重点之一;探讨太行山旧石器文化源流并讨论我国细石叶工艺起源问题,此为本文关注的第二个研究重点。太行山旧石器文化分布区域划分为三区:太行山西麓中段、太行山西麓南段和太行山东麓。太行山旧石器文化分为三期:第一期,旧石器时代早期文化;第二期,旧石器时代晚期较早段文化;第三期,旧石器时代晚期较晚段文化。第一期:旧石器时代早期文化,仅包括涉县新桥遗址一处。石片石器工业与砾石石器工业并存,文化面貌表现为我国南北旧石器文化在过渡地带碰撞交汇的特色。第二期:距今4.0~2.6万年,旧石器时代晚期文化较早段,文化面貌表现为小石片石器工业。第三期:距今2.6~1.0万年,旧石器时代晚期较晚段,文化面貌表现为小石片石器工业与细石器工业并存。太行山东西麓的中段和南段石制品特征略有差异,主要表现在人类对石料的利用上,中段主要以脉石英为原料,而南段则主要以燧石为石料,这与石器技术进步与否没有更多关联,应与遗址所在地某一石料的丰富度有关。太行山旧石器时代晚期考古学文化遗存,与东麓相比,西麓的遗址或地点数量更多。人类在这个时期群体更大,流动更快,只要有适合人类生存的环境,早期现代人就会占据这个区域,人类行为能力较早期更高,生存能力也更强。从现有的材料看,太行山两麓洞穴和旷野遗址的时代几乎全为晚期,或许可以推断,人类大规模进入太行山区的时间可能较晚。太行山西麓南段的旧石器文化既与我国石片石器技术总体上一致,但在石制品组合、工具类型及加工方式上呈现出一些地域特色。旧石器时代晚期,在末次盛冰期来临之前,太行山西麓南段古气候环境整体变化并不如预想中的剧烈。石器技术分析显示,人类对古气候环境表现出一定的适应性。太行山西麓南段细石叶工艺的发生与末次盛冰期的到来有一定的关系。太行山旧石器晚期文化与我国北方传统的石片石器文化一脉相承。这里的细石器文化中,细石核剥制细石叶技术似与我国北方传统的原始棱柱状石核有渊源关系,其重要的两面器的工具技术可追溯到汾河流域的丁村文化。本文经过详细梳理分析,支持我国细石叶工艺起源于我国华北腹地的观点。在下川遗址细石器距今2.8~2.6万年出现。就目前山西发现的考古材料看,细石叶工艺可能在距今2.8~2.6万年已经出现在太行山西麓、汾河下游和吕梁山南端。
[Abstract]:Taihang Mountain stands at the east end of the Loess Plateau as the natural geographical boundary of the east and southeast of Shanxi and Hebei and Henan. It is the product of the neotectonic movement, the north end is the western mountain of Beijing, and through Hebei Province, from the five stations of Shanxi to Shanxi, and then extends to the south, until the north of the Northern Yellow River is the southernmost of the Taihang Mountains. Taihang Mountain is composed of a variety of rocks, and it shows rich and diverse landforms from the north to the south. The middle section of Taihang Mountain is composed of partial gneiss, and the north section and the south section are mainly limestone or metamorphic limestone. These caves have become the ideal survival homes for the Paleolithic human ideal. To date, a series of old stone-age cave sites have been discovered from the north to the south in the western foot of Taihang Mountain, mainly including the Heishui site of the pyelonephritis, the site of the cave of the Celecoxib River, the site of the cave of the Shun-back kiln, the site of the Huanglongdong of the city of the city, the site of the Yantongdong of the Liancheng, and the site of the water river of the Lingchuan tower. The site of Houhe Cave and the site of Ma Jidong and the site of the Tiger Hill, etc., all of these cave sites have been excavated or dug out in addition to the Huanglong Cave, but the relevant research results are limited to the excavation or trial and excavation, only a little of the data and the research articles published in the water and river sites of the Lingchuan tower. Most of the cave sites have not been carefully excavated and have not conducted an in-depth study. The number of the wild type sites or sites found in the western foot of the Taihang Mountain is relatively large, and from the north to the south, there are five Paleolithic sites, the Elm East and the Zhao Dacha, the Paleolithic site of Shouyang, the Paleolithic site of the Elm, the Lingchuan Mazhuang and the east-wave pool. The site of 8 places, such as the Taitai River in the Lingchuan, the Paleolithic site, the Paleolithic site of the high-level Yangtou Mountain, the site of Qinshui and the Sichuan Site, etc., are excavated or excavated, and there are more detailed excavation briefs or research reports, and the rest has not been in-depth study. The lower Sichuan site should be an important site in the field of the wild type in the western foot of Taihang Mountain, and the content of the study is an important site. The site of Zhoukoudian is not included. Although the number of the Paleolithic sites in the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain is small, the depth and breadth of the study are more in-depth compared with the west. At present, there are two cave sites reported at the foot of the east: the site of the water curtain hole in Pingshan County and the site of the Anyang small South China Sea. There is another open-field site, the site of the new bridge in the county. As of the present, the Paleolithic site in Taihang Mountain has not carried out comprehensive, in-depth and comprehensive comprehensive study, this paper is the filling of this research vacancy, and the basic research on the old stone culture in Taihang Mountain. The contents of the study include the division and staging of the Paleolithic sites in Taihang Mountain, the Paleolithic culture in the piedmont of the Taihang Mountains, the analysis of the human behavior of the cave sites in the southern section of the Taihang Mountain, and the adaptability of the human to the paleoclimatic environment, which is one of the focuses of this paper. This paper discusses the origin of the Paleolithic culture in Taihang Mountain and discusses the origin of the process of the fine-stone-leaf process in China, which is the second focus of this paper. The distribution area of the Paleolithic culture in Taihang Mountain is divided into three areas: the middle section of the western foot of Taihang Mountain, the south section of the western foot of Taihang Mountain and the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain. The Paleolithic culture in Taihang Mountain is divided into three phases: the first stage, the early age culture of the old stone age, the late stage culture of the late stone age, the third stage, the late stage culture of the late stone age. The first phase: the old stone age early culture, including only one site of the new bridge site in the county. The stone-stone-stone industry and the stone-stone industry co-exist, and the cultural features of the stone-stone stone-stone industry are the characteristics of the collision and intersection between the north-south and the north-south stone culture in the transitional zone. The second part: from 4.0 to 26,000 years this year, the late-stage culture of the Paleolithic Age is the early stage, and the cultural appearance is the stone-stone-stone-stone industry. The third stage: from 2.6 to 1.0 million years this year, the late stage of the Paleolithic period, and the cultural features of the Paleolithic industry and the stone-stone industry. The characteristics of the middle section and the south section stone product in the foot of the Taihang Mountain are slightly different, mainly in the utilization of the stone, the middle section mainly takes the vein quartz as the raw material, and the south section mainly uses the stone as the stone material, which does not have more association with the progress of the stone technology, It shall be related to the abundance of a stone in the site where the site is located. The archaeological culture of the Paleolithic period in the Taihang Mountains is preserved, and the number of sites or sites in the western foot is more than that of the eastern foot. Human beings are more and more mobile in this period, so long as there is an environment suitable for human survival, the early modern people will occupy the region, and the human capacity is higher and the viability is stronger. From the existing materials, the times of the two-foot caves and the waste sites in the Taihang Mountains are almost all late, and it may be concluded that the time for human large-scale entry into the Taihang Mountains may be later. The Paleolithic culture of the southern section of Taihang Mountain is not only consistent with the stone-stone technique in China, but also has some regional characteristics in the combination of stone products, tool types and processing methods. In the late Paleolithic period, the whole change of the paleoclimatic environment in the southern part of the Taihang Mountains before the last glacial period is less than expected. The analysis of the stone technique shows that the human has a certain adaptability to the paleoclimatic environment. The occurrence of the fine-stone-leaf process in the south section of the western foot of Taihang Mountains has a certain relation with the arrival of the last glacial period. The late Paleolithic culture of Taihang Mountain is the same as that of the traditional stone-stone culture in the north of China. In the Neolithic culture, the technology of the thin-stone-core-stripping fine-stone-leaf is similar to that of the original ridge-shaped stone core in the northern part of China, and the important two-side tool technology can be traced back to the Dingcun culture in the Fenhe river basin. Through detailed analysis and analysis, this paper supports the view of our country's fine-stone-leaf process in the hinterland of China's North China. The Neolithic site in the Lower Sichuan is from 2.8 to 26,000 years ago. According to the archaeological materials found in Shanxi, the fine-stone-leaf process may have occurred in the southern part of the Taihang Mountain, the downstream of the Fenhe River and the southern end of the Luliang Mountain.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K878
[Abstract]:Taihang Mountain stands at the east end of the Loess Plateau as the natural geographical boundary of the east and southeast of Shanxi and Hebei and Henan. It is the product of the neotectonic movement, the north end is the western mountain of Beijing, and through Hebei Province, from the five stations of Shanxi to Shanxi, and then extends to the south, until the north of the Northern Yellow River is the southernmost of the Taihang Mountains. Taihang Mountain is composed of a variety of rocks, and it shows rich and diverse landforms from the north to the south. The middle section of Taihang Mountain is composed of partial gneiss, and the north section and the south section are mainly limestone or metamorphic limestone. These caves have become the ideal survival homes for the Paleolithic human ideal. To date, a series of old stone-age cave sites have been discovered from the north to the south in the western foot of Taihang Mountain, mainly including the Heishui site of the pyelonephritis, the site of the cave of the Celecoxib River, the site of the cave of the Shun-back kiln, the site of the Huanglongdong of the city of the city, the site of the Yantongdong of the Liancheng, and the site of the water river of the Lingchuan tower. The site of Houhe Cave and the site of Ma Jidong and the site of the Tiger Hill, etc., all of these cave sites have been excavated or dug out in addition to the Huanglong Cave, but the relevant research results are limited to the excavation or trial and excavation, only a little of the data and the research articles published in the water and river sites of the Lingchuan tower. Most of the cave sites have not been carefully excavated and have not conducted an in-depth study. The number of the wild type sites or sites found in the western foot of the Taihang Mountain is relatively large, and from the north to the south, there are five Paleolithic sites, the Elm East and the Zhao Dacha, the Paleolithic site of Shouyang, the Paleolithic site of the Elm, the Lingchuan Mazhuang and the east-wave pool. The site of 8 places, such as the Taitai River in the Lingchuan, the Paleolithic site, the Paleolithic site of the high-level Yangtou Mountain, the site of Qinshui and the Sichuan Site, etc., are excavated or excavated, and there are more detailed excavation briefs or research reports, and the rest has not been in-depth study. The lower Sichuan site should be an important site in the field of the wild type in the western foot of Taihang Mountain, and the content of the study is an important site. The site of Zhoukoudian is not included. Although the number of the Paleolithic sites in the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain is small, the depth and breadth of the study are more in-depth compared with the west. At present, there are two cave sites reported at the foot of the east: the site of the water curtain hole in Pingshan County and the site of the Anyang small South China Sea. There is another open-field site, the site of the new bridge in the county. As of the present, the Paleolithic site in Taihang Mountain has not carried out comprehensive, in-depth and comprehensive comprehensive study, this paper is the filling of this research vacancy, and the basic research on the old stone culture in Taihang Mountain. The contents of the study include the division and staging of the Paleolithic sites in Taihang Mountain, the Paleolithic culture in the piedmont of the Taihang Mountains, the analysis of the human behavior of the cave sites in the southern section of the Taihang Mountain, and the adaptability of the human to the paleoclimatic environment, which is one of the focuses of this paper. This paper discusses the origin of the Paleolithic culture in Taihang Mountain and discusses the origin of the process of the fine-stone-leaf process in China, which is the second focus of this paper. The distribution area of the Paleolithic culture in Taihang Mountain is divided into three areas: the middle section of the western foot of Taihang Mountain, the south section of the western foot of Taihang Mountain and the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain. The Paleolithic culture in Taihang Mountain is divided into three phases: the first stage, the early age culture of the old stone age, the late stage culture of the late stone age, the third stage, the late stage culture of the late stone age. The first phase: the old stone age early culture, including only one site of the new bridge site in the county. The stone-stone-stone industry and the stone-stone industry co-exist, and the cultural features of the stone-stone stone-stone industry are the characteristics of the collision and intersection between the north-south and the north-south stone culture in the transitional zone. The second part: from 4.0 to 26,000 years this year, the late-stage culture of the Paleolithic Age is the early stage, and the cultural appearance is the stone-stone-stone-stone industry. The third stage: from 2.6 to 1.0 million years this year, the late stage of the Paleolithic period, and the cultural features of the Paleolithic industry and the stone-stone industry. The characteristics of the middle section and the south section stone product in the foot of the Taihang Mountain are slightly different, mainly in the utilization of the stone, the middle section mainly takes the vein quartz as the raw material, and the south section mainly uses the stone as the stone material, which does not have more association with the progress of the stone technology, It shall be related to the abundance of a stone in the site where the site is located. The archaeological culture of the Paleolithic period in the Taihang Mountains is preserved, and the number of sites or sites in the western foot is more than that of the eastern foot. Human beings are more and more mobile in this period, so long as there is an environment suitable for human survival, the early modern people will occupy the region, and the human capacity is higher and the viability is stronger. From the existing materials, the times of the two-foot caves and the waste sites in the Taihang Mountains are almost all late, and it may be concluded that the time for human large-scale entry into the Taihang Mountains may be later. The Paleolithic culture of the southern section of Taihang Mountain is not only consistent with the stone-stone technique in China, but also has some regional characteristics in the combination of stone products, tool types and processing methods. In the late Paleolithic period, the whole change of the paleoclimatic environment in the southern part of the Taihang Mountains before the last glacial period is less than expected. The analysis of the stone technique shows that the human has a certain adaptability to the paleoclimatic environment. The occurrence of the fine-stone-leaf process in the south section of the western foot of Taihang Mountains has a certain relation with the arrival of the last glacial period. The late Paleolithic culture of Taihang Mountain is the same as that of the traditional stone-stone culture in the north of China. In the Neolithic culture, the technology of the thin-stone-core-stripping fine-stone-leaf is similar to that of the original ridge-shaped stone core in the northern part of China, and the important two-side tool technology can be traced back to the Dingcun culture in the Fenhe river basin. Through detailed analysis and analysis, this paper supports the view of our country's fine-stone-leaf process in the hinterland of China's North China. The Neolithic site in the Lower Sichuan is from 2.8 to 26,000 years ago. According to the archaeological materials found in Shanxi, the fine-stone-leaf process may have occurred in the southern part of the Taihang Mountain, the downstream of the Fenhe River and the southern end of the Luliang Mountain.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K878
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