列宁土地革命思想研究

发布时间：2018-03-06 11:40

本文选题：列宁　切入点：土地革命　出处：《湖南师范大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：土地是农业生产的重要物质基础,是人类赖以生存和发展的最基本的生产资料之一。列宁自参加革命以来就十分重视俄国的土地问题,他在领导俄国人民与沙皇专制统治、与俄国资产阶级进行斗争的过程中逐渐形成了完整的土地革命思想。本文循着列宁革命的步伐系统地梳理了列宁在不同的革命时期所提出的土地主张、所制定的土地纲领、所推行的土地政策,并且解读它们的内在联系,厘清列宁土地革命思想发展的脉络及其关涉重点。列宁刚刚涉足俄国革命之时,俄国农奴制改革所留下的残余继续影响着俄国的农村和农民的生活,农民并未获得真正的人身自由,农民的土地占有情况也十分糟糕。针对沙皇专制政府和贵族对农民的压榨,列宁在早期提出了“消除农奴制残余、归还赎金和收回割地、争取政治自由”三大主张,希冀通过这些手段解决俄国的土地问题。然而,1905年革命使列宁认识到此前的土地纲领犯了错误,列宁和社会民主党对农民的革命性估计不足,对俄国当时资本主义发展程度估计过高。故此,1905年革命以后,列宁提出了“土地国有化”思想,强调“土地国有化”是最彻底的资产阶级土地革命措施。“土地国有化”思想在列宁土地革命思想中占有极其重要的地位,它的提出彰显了列宁对以农业为主的落后国家解决土地问题的深邃思考和理论智慧。本文通过对列宁“土地国有化”思想的研究认为,在俄国资产阶级民主革命发生前、后,列宁对土地国有化的态度大致经历了否定(反对土地国有化)——谨慎(有条件地实行土地国有化)肯定(支持土地国有化)的过程。从列宁对待土地国有化态度的转变,可以清晰地看出俄国革命发展的进程,这种思想的转变也体现了列宁革命实践经验的不断丰富和对革命认识的不断深入。十月革命胜利之初,列宁领导的苏维埃就以通过《土地法令》的形式确定了新生的苏维埃政权所执行的土地政策,废除了土地私有权,巩固了土地国有的基础。在面对国外武装干涉和国内战争双重威胁的情况下,列宁果断提出国家进入“战时共产主义”状态。他认为,在“战时共产主义”时期必须实行“共耕制”才能使国家摆脱危难,“只有走这条道路才能使土地真正转到劳动者手中。”事实上,“战时共产主义”只是国家在非常时期为迅速摆脱困境所采取的临时性经济政策。随着国内战争的结束,“战时共产主义”政策已经不再适应国家经济社会发展的需要。因此,俄共(布)“十大”确定向新经济政策过渡。新经济政策时期废除了此前实行的余粮收集制,改行粮食税,这极大地调动了农民的积极性。在土地问题上,苏维埃国家通过颁布法律等形式保持了土地国有化、巩固了农民土地使用权、增强了农民占有和使用土地的灵活性。客观地讲,晚年的列宁由于健康原因没有对苏俄土地问题有太多的论述,但这并不代表他毫不关心土地问题。他在“政治遗嘱”中关于合作社问题、关于文化革命问题等论述中依然能够找到他对社会主义道路构想中对土地问题的关注。列宁土地革命思想继承和发展了马克思主义土地理论,它是马克思主义与以农业为主的俄国相结合的产物,它为落后国家探索解决本国土地问题提供了丰富经验和有益范本。
[Abstract]:Land is an important material basis for agricultural production, is one of the most basic means of production of human survival and development. Since Lenin attaches great importance to the problem of land revolution in Russia, he led the Russian people and the Tsar autocratic rule, to complete the land revolution thought gradually formed in the course of the contest and the bourgeoisie in Russia.
This paper follow the pace of the Lenin revolution systematically put forward by Lenin in different periods of the revolution of land claims, the land program, the implementation of the land policy, and the interpretation of their internal relations, to clarify the context of Lenin land revolution thought and its related key.
Lenin has just entered the Russian Revolution, the remnants of the Russian Serfdom reform left continue to affect the Russian rural and farmers, farmers did not get a real freedom of the person, the farmer land possession situation is very bad. The Tsar autocratic government and the nobility of the farmers in the early Lenin press, put forward "to eliminate the remnants of serfdom, return the ransom and recover the territory, strive for political freedom" three advocates, hoping to solve the land problem in Russia by these means. However, the 1905 Revolution that Lenin knew the previous land program had made a mistake, Lenin and the Social Democratic Party of revolutionary peasants estimation, too much of the Russian capitalist development degree estimation.
Therefore, after the 1905 Revolution, Lenin put forward the "land nationalization" thought, emphasizes the "nationalization of land" is the most radical bourgeois revolutionary measures. "Land land nationalization" thought occupies a very important position in Lenin land revolution thought, which shows Lenin of the backward countries in agriculture to solve the land of profound thinking and wisdom theory. Through the study of Lenin's "land nationalization" thought that the bourgeois democratic revolution in Russia before, after Lenin's attitude of the nationalization of land experienced negative (as opposed to the nationalization of land) - cautious (conditionally execute land nationalization (sure) support for the land nationalization) process. Change to the land nationalization attitude from Lenin, you can clearly see the development process of the Russian Revolution, the shift in thinking but also reflects Lenin leather The continuous enrichment of the practical experience of life and the deepening of the understanding of the revolution.
At the beginning of the victory of the October revolution, Lenin led the Soviet to the land act through < > determine the form of the implementation of the new Soviet government land policy, the abolition of private ownership of land, strengthen the foundation of land owned by the state. In the face of foreign armed intervention and civil war, double threat situation, Lenin proposed decisively into the state of "war communism". He believes that in the "wartime communism must implement the" common tillage "in order to get the country out of danger," this path only to make the land to the hands of workers. "In fact," war communism "is just to get rid of the plight of countries have taken in very quickly during the period of temporary economic policy. With the end of the civil war, the" war communism "policy is no longer meet the needs of national economic and social development. Therefore, the Russian Communist Party (Brazzaville) ten The transition to the new economic policy. During the period of the new economic policy to abolish the surplus prior to the implementation of the system of collecting, diverted grain tax, which greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of farmers. In the land issue, the Soviet state by decree form keeps the nationalization of land consolidation, land use rights of farmers, farmers have increased land use and flexibility.
Objectively speaking, Lenin in his later years due to health reasons did not have too much discussion on Russian land problem, but this does not mean that he did not care about the land issue. In his "political will" on cooperatives, on the cultural revolution in still can find his concern for the land issue in the socialist road.
Lenin's agrarian revolution thought inherited and developed Marx's land theory. It's a product of the combination of Marx doctrine and agriculture oriented Russia. It provided rich experience and useful models for backward countries to explore and solve their own land problems.

【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：A821;D091

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