分析马克思主义的道德理论研究

发布时间：2018-03-16 12:45

本文选题：事实　切入点：价值　出处：《南开大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：分析马克思主义流派的研究涉域宽广,研究对象涉及哲学、经济学、政治学、社会学等许多领域。尽管大多数分析马克思主义者的研究对象不尽相同,但是他们的研究却都涉及到马克思主义的道德理论,相关内容涉及正义、平等、自由、剥削、意识形态、道德的客观性、道德相对主义等。伍德、柯亨分别在道德相对主义与道德普遍主义的视角下对马克思主义的正义理论展开激烈的争论,开启了分析马克思主义关于道德问题的讨论。在这一争论中,柯亨与罗默将平等作为社会主义的核心价值,罗默更加重视机会平等,而柯亨更加重视结果平等,其平等观更加接近马克思主义的平等理念。马克恩主义理论的最终目标是追求人类自由,布伦克特、佩弗、卢克斯等人认识到了这一点,对马克思主义的自由理论做了系统的重建。布伦克特早期从自我控制与决定、交往对象化、共同体三个维度对马克思主义的自由理论进行了深刻的重构,但是后期转向了“美德伦理学”的自由观,逐渐远离了马克思主义自由的轨迹。佩弗将马克思主义的自由定义为自我决定的机会,通过消极自由与积极自由进行自由理论的重构,尤其是消极自由的重构是对马克思主义自由理论的重要发展。卢克斯认为马克思的自由与边沁等人的狭隘自由观不同,是一种与卢梭、黑格尔等哲学家的自由相类似的宽泛的自由观。埃尔斯特、柯亨、罗默都认为资本主义剥削是不正义的,但他们对剥削的价值性维度的解读并不是以剩余价值论的事实性描述为理论基础,因此,“资本主义剥削不正义”之道德判断缺乏客观基础。道德是不是意识形态?意识形态是不是虚假意识?这对马克思主义的道德理论来说是一个生死攸关的问题。伍德与米勒将道德解读为意识形态的幻象,从而否定了马克思主义的道德理论。尼尔森承认马克思曾经做过“道德是意识形态”的论断,但认为这只是道德社会学的论断,而不是道德认识论的论断,是对剥削阶级道德的批判,而不是对无产阶级道德的否定。佩弗对马克思主义的意识形态下了一个定义：妨碍人类福祉或者妨碍人类状态的改善或提高的理论体系。毋庸置疑,尼尔森与佩弗的理解比伍德的理解更加接近马克思主义的本意。马克思主义立足于阶级分析的方法来论述意识形态,对维护现存统治阶级利益的意识形态持否定态度,但是对无产阶级的意识形态则持肯定态度,这样也驳斥了“道德是意识形态”就意味着马克思主义反对道德的观点。既然马克思主义具有道德理论,那么它属于目的论还是义务论?德里克哎伦将其解读为功利主义,佩弗则将其解读为混合义务论。这些解读实际上都是片面的解读。本论文认为,马克思主义的道德理论既不是功利主义,也不是单纯的义务论,但并不是与此两者完全无关,而是包含了目的论与义务论的双重维度。唯物史观会导致某种形式的道德相对主义吗?唯物史观会对道德理论提供客观性的基础吗?佩弗、威廉·肖、尼尔森对这两个问题的研究得出了相同的结论：唯物史观不会导致任何形式的相对主义。他们的不同之处在于对待唯物史观的态度,威廉·肖、尼尔森认为唯物史观是科学,对其予以坚定的支持；佩弗对唯物史观的态度则显得较为踌躇。本论文认为：唯物史观本身具有两个维度：事实性维度与价值性维度。马克思主义对人类社会历史发展的事实性描述为马克思主义从价值性角度批判现存社会制度、倡导未来更加美好的社会制度奠定了客观性的事实基础。不但如此,事实性维度与价值性维度通过历史主义原则以及实践中介的沟通相互联系,辩证统一,以一种相互缠结的“双螺旋体式”的结构被应用于对人类社会发展的研究,尤其是被应用于对资本主义制度的描述与评价。分析马克思主义囿于其特殊的细节分析方法、反对辩证法,囿于狭隘的事实与价值、相对与绝对、唯物史观与道德理论的二分视野,遗忘了马克思主义的历史性原则与实践原则,因此没有合理解决唯物史观与道德理论的关系问题,而这正好从反面指明了超越分析马克思主义并重建马克思主义道德理论的基本路径。
[Abstract]:Analysis on the Marx doctrine schools involving domain wide study of philosophy, economics, political science, sociology and many other fields. Although the study most of the analysis of Marx doctrine is not the same, but it involves Marx's moral theory and related content of justice, equality, freedom, exploitation, ideology, moral objectivity, moral relativism.
Wood and Cohen were in the moral relativism and moral universalism from the perspective of the theory of justice of Marx's intense debate, opened the analysis and Discussion on Marx's moral problems. In this dispute, Cohen and Romer equality as the core values of socialism, Romer pay more attention to the equality of opportunity, and Cohen pay more attention to the equality, the equality concept of equality is closer to the Marx doctrine. The ultimate goal of Marxist theory is the pursuit of human freedom, brenkert, peffer, Kruse et al recognize this point, to Marx's theory of freedom of the system. From the early reconstruction of brenkert self control and decision, communication object. The three dimensions of Marx's theory of free community made a profound remodeling, but later turned to the "virtue ethics" concept of freedom, one by one Getting away from Marx's free trajectory. Peiffer defines freedom of Marx 's self decision opportunities, reconstruct the theory of freedom by negative freedom and positive freedom, especially the reconstruction of negative freedom is an important development of Marx's theory of freedom. Freedom Lu Kors and Bentham et al. Marx's narrow view of freedom is different that is a Rousseau, Hagel and other philosophers of freedom is similar to the broad concept of freedom. Elster, Cohen, Romer believe that the exploitation of capitalism is unjust, but their exploitation value dimension is not to describe the fact of surplus value theory as the theoretical basis, therefore, "the moral exploitation of capitalism injustice" judgment is lack of objective basis.
Morality is not ideology? Ideology is not false consciousness? Is a problem that a life-and-death matter of Marx's moral theory. Wood and Miller will be interpreted as a moral vision of ideology, thus negating Marx's moral theory. Nelson admitted that Marx had been "moral ideology" judgment, but think it only sociology of moral judgment, rather than moral epistemology that is a critique of the exploiting class morality, and not for the proletariat moral negation. Peffer on Marx's ideology under a definition: to impede or obstruct the human well-being of the human condition and improve the theoretical system. There is no doubt that Nelson and by understanding of Biwood's understanding of the Marx doctrine is more close to the original intention. Based on Marx's method of class analysis to discuss. The form of knowledge is negative for maintaining the ideology of the ruling class, but it has a positive attitude towards the ideology of the proletariat. It also refutes the idea that morality is ideology, which means Marx's view of morality is against morality.
Since the Marx doctrine has a moral theory, so it belongs to the objective theory and deontology? Hey Derek Lun will be interpreted as utilitarianism, peffer will be interpreted as mixed obligation theory. These interpretations are actually one-sided interpretation. This thesis thinks that Marx's moral theory is neither utilitarianism, nor the obligation theory but not with this two completely unrelated, but contains the dual dimensions of teleology and deontology.
The historical materialism will lead to a form of moral relativism? Historical materialism will provide the foundation for the objectivity of moral theory? Peffer, William Shaw, the research on the two problems of Nelson reached the same conclusion: no historical materialism leads to relativity in any form. They are different in historical materialism attitude towards William, Shaw, Nielsen thinks that historical materialism is a scientific, to firmly support the attitude of historical materialism; peffer would seem more hesitant. The author thinks that historical materialism itself has two dimensions: factual dimension and value dimension. The Marx doctrine to describe the fact of historical development of human society for the Marx doctrine from the perspective of critical value of the existing social system, lays the foundation of the objectivity of the social system advocated a better future. Not only that, factual dimensions And the dimension of value through historical principles and practice of intermediary communication mutual connection, dialectical unity, with a twisted double helix type "structure is applied to the research on the development of human society, especially the capitalist system was applied to the description and evaluation of Marx's analysis. Due to its special details the analysis method against dialectics, due to the fact and the value of narrow, relative and absolute, two view of historical materialism and moral theory, principle and practice of the principle of the Marx doctrine history forgotten, so there is no understanding relationship between historical materialism and moral decision theory, which pointed out the basic path of transcendence from the opposite analysis of the Marx doctrine and the Marx doctrine of moral reconstruction theory.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：A811

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