马克思文化思想的基本逻辑及当代价值

发布时间：2018-04-22 02:09

本文选题：文化思想 + 实践　；参考：《长春工业大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：文化是社会生活整体的重要构件,因而作为对人类社会生活整体发展一般规律理论理解的马克思学说必然包含文化思想。深入挖掘和整理马克思文化思想,不仅是把马克思学说中这个长期被遮蔽的重要视野再现出来的需要,更是全面而准确地把握和理解马克思理论学不可省却的一项基础性工作。围绕马克思文化思想研究,全文共分四部分：第一部分,马克思文化思想研究的前提性问题。进行马克思文化思想研究必须确立本研究的逻辑基点、回答马克思文化思想何以存在及得以存在的历史必然这些前提性问题。 (一)本研究的逻辑基点。当前,文化概念有几百种之多,从归根结底的意义上讲,对文化这样一个歧义纷呈的概念的不同理解,在很大程度上影响甚至是决定着文化观研究的基本方向及其所可能达到的深度。在中西文化基本涵义和马克思对文化概念使用情况的省察基础上,我们认为,各种文化的内在本质在于它的精神性,一种文化一旦失去了它的精神特性,也就失去了它的“文化”意义；同时,表征着时代精神的“观念形态的文化”、“社会主义精神文明”、“先进文化”和“和谐文化”都指称的是狭义的精神文化,“文治教化”也一直是传统文化的基本内涵。因此,我们把狭义的精神文化确定为本研究的逻辑基点。 (二)马克思文化思想的理论框架、研究方法和叙述方法。马克思从现实的人及其实践活动出发,以社会生活整体、动态的生产实践和静态的社会结构等三个不同的层级结构建构起了历史唯物主义的文化观。马克思在文化观方面主要运用了经验的方法、从后思索法、科学抽象法、整体性的方法等研究方法和现实的历史叙述、辩证的方法两种叙述方法。马克思文化思想的理论框架、研究方法和叙述方法是内在统一的,它们共同确证着马克思文化思想的存在。 (三)马克思文化思想得以确立的社会历史前提。由生产力与交往形式辩证运动所引发的社会的巨大变革所引发的在现实的个人生活和社会生活层面上实际地发生着的思想观念自觉或不自觉地冲突与裂变,英国古典政治经济学、法国复辟时代的历史学、英法批判的空想社会主义以及西方的理性主义传统等理论资源,马克思社会政治实践与理论批判活动的深入等使马克思文化思想得以产生成为历史必然。第二部分,马克思文化思想的发展轨迹。马克思经历了一个由理性历史决定论的信奉者到新的文化观的开创者的转变过程,马克思文化思想也经历了一个孕育、形成、发展与完善的过程。 (一)从《1844年经济学哲学手稿》到《德意志意识形态》时期,实现了对文化史观的扬弃,从而确立了马克思文化思想的唯物史观基础。在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中,马克思批判了黑格尔文化史观“主词和宾词之间关系”的颠倒,从人的“自由的有意识的活动”的实践本质出发,阐明了文化的产生和发展是一种社会实践过程,奠定了历史唯物主义文化观的理论基石。在《德意志意识形态》中,马克思不但对自己早期的文化思想进行了清算,和以往的文化史观实现了最为彻底的决裂；而且把“现实的个人”看作是人类历史的第一个前提,并从意识的起源和发展的角度论证了文化对社会生活的依赖关系,确立了文化唯物论的基本诠释原则。《德意志意识形态》标志着马克思文化思想的正式形成。 (二)马克思晚年的理论探索进一步丰富和发展了他们的文化观。《资本论》不仅阐明了社会有机体中经济结构、政治结构和文化结构之间的关系以及各种生产之间的关系,而且通过对“资本主义生产方式以及和它相适应的生产关系和交换关系”的深刻剖析,科学地论证了马克思文化思想的立论基础。马克思晚年的人类学笔记不仅阐明了人类文化发展的多样性和多样文化发展的内在一致性,而且对社会结构系统尚未分化的史前社会人类文化发展状况在更高层次上有了新的理解和新的阐发,丰富和完善了马克思文化思想。恩格斯晚年在历史唯物主义通信中强调,要在归根结底的意义上理解经济因素的决定作用,在社会发展进程中经济、政治、文化等要素是交互作用的,并在论述人们怎样创造历史的过程中,提出了“意志合力”思想,进一步确认了文化因素在社会历史进程中的重要地位。第三部分,马克思文化思想的基本逻辑。马克思以社会生活的不同的层级结构创立了具有一定理论体系严整性的历史唯物主义文化观。 (一)马克思文化思想的理论基础与解释原则。马克思从现实的人及其劳动实践出发,阐明了文化由以生发的内在根据,确认了人们的观念文化不过是人类社会生活的观念表达和精神体现,从而确立了“人们的社会存在决定人们的意识”的文化唯物论的理论基础。在此理论基础上,马克思确立了他们文化观的终极性解释原则和过程性解释原则。他们把精神文化确定为“观念的上层建筑”,明确了观念文化的发展最终要受经济基础发展的制约、“现实生活的生产和再生产”始终是文化发展进程的决定性因素的终极性解释原则。同时,他们又对文化的发展进程做了过程性的辩证解释。他们认为,社会精神文化并不是消极地受动于经济因素,而是具有自身的内在逻辑并能动地作用于经济因素甚至在某种限度内改变它,在社会发展过程中发挥着重大作用。 (二)马克思社会整体性视域下的精神文化生产。社会整体性思想是唯物史观的重要内容,社会整体性精神贯穿于唯物史观的始终并以方法论的形式表征出来。马克思以社会整体性的思维方式科学地阐明了精神文化生产的内涵,在社会整体性基本原则的基础上阐明了精神文化生产发展的规律性,在各要素交互作用和历史性联系原则下阐发了精神文化生产在社会发展中的地位和作用,并预见了精神文化生产的全球化趋势,从而科学地阐释了精神文化生产思想。 (三)文化的意识形态性与历史正当性。马克思认为,自从进入文明时代以来,统治阶级总是力图把社会精神文化当作服务于本阶级统治的工具,使社会精神文化以“阶级维护意识”和“观念上层建筑”的面目呈现出来,这就是文化的意识形态性。但他们对具有意识形态性的精神文化并没有停留在简单的否定上,他们认为,任何一种具有意识形态性的精神文化在人类社会发展的一定阶段上都存在一定的历史必然性,在一定历史时期都起着推动人类社会发展的重要作用,这就是文化的历史正当性。文化的意识形态性与历史正当性共同构成了马克思对阶级社会条件下社会精神文化现象的全面理解。 (四)科学文化——一种最高意义上的革命力量。马克思在科学技术迅猛发展的历史条件下,敏锐地发现了科学文化在社会发展中的重大作用。他们把科学文化作用的性质定位于一种精神生产力和革命力量,阐明了作为一种精神生产力应用于物质生产以及对社会变革的巨大作用,并对科学文化的资本主义应用展开了无情的批判,指明了只有推翻奴役人的资本主义制度,科学文化才能最有效地发挥其巨大的价值。第四部分,马克思文化思想的当代价值。就学术价值而言,马克思文化思想深刻地影响了社会主义各国的文化建设和文化发展。无论是列宁的文化理论,还是毛泽东、邓小平等中国共产党人创造性地提出的新民主主义文化、精神文明、先进文化、和谐文化等中国化的马克思主义文化理论,都能够在马克思文化思想众探寻到基本的理论依据,它们的基本精神和实质存在着内在的一致性。西方马克思主义虽然内部观点各异,但一条一以贯之的主线就是：以马克思理论为基础,力求从文化领域中找到战胜资本主义的突破点,从而实现人类的真正解放。西方马克思主义文化理论与马克思文化思想也存在着明显的理论继承关系。就实践价值而言,文化全球化与文化转型的现实境遇凸现了马克思文化思想的现实语境。从总体上看,丰富的思想资源使马克思文化思想一直是我们在当代境遇下进行文化研究和文化建设的理论宝库；内化于唯物史观的马克思文化思想为文化问题的研究提供了合理的思维方式；马克思文化思想在当代诸多文化思潮相互激荡中具有强大的理论优势。因此,马克思文化思想对我们当下文化理论研究和文化建设依然具有极其重要的价值。
[Abstract]:Culture is an important component of social life as a whole , so Marx ' s theory , which is understood by the general rule of general law for the whole development of human social life , necessarily contains cultural thought . It is not only the need to reproduce the important field of view that has been shaded in Marx ' s theory , but also to grasp and understand the fundamental work of Marx ' s theory of theory .

On the basis of the research of Marx ' s cultural thought , the whole text is divided into four parts :

The first part is the premise of the research on Marx ' s cultural thought . The study of Marx ' s cultural thought must establish the logic base point of this study , and answer the historical necessity of the existence and existence of Marx ' s cultural thought .

On the basis of the basic meaning of Chinese and Western culture and Marx ' s perspective on the use of cultural concepts , we believe that the inner nature of the various cultures lies in its spiritual nature , and that a culture loses its cultural meaning once it loses its spiritual identity .
At the same time , the " cultural " , " socialist spiritual civilization " , " advanced culture " and " harmonious culture " , characterized by the spirit of the times , refer to the narrow spiritual culture .

( 2 ) The theoretical framework , the research methods and the narrative methods of Marx ' s cultural thought . Marx constructed the cultural view of historical materialism from three different levels , such as social life , dynamic production practice and static social structure .

( 3 ) The historical premise of the social history established by Marx ' s cultural thought . The profound changes of the society caused by the dialectical movement of the productive forces and the communication form consciously or unconsciously conflict and fission , the British classical political economics , the history of the era of the restoration of France , the empty thought of the English - law criticism and the western rationalism tradition , etc . , the in - depth of the Marx ' s social and political practice and the critical activities of the theory , etc . , have made the Marx ' s cultural thought to become the historical necessity .

The second part , the development track of Marx ' s cultural thought . Marx has experienced a process of transformation from the theory of rational history to the pioneer of the new culture view , and Marx ' s culture thought has also experienced a process of gestation , formation , development and perfection .

In the paper , Marx criticized Hegel ' s concept of cultural history as the foundation of historical materialism , and set up the theoretical foundation of historical materialism culture .
Moreover , the " real person " is regarded as the first premise of human history , and the dependence of culture on social life is demonstrated from the point of origin and development of consciousness . The basic annotation principle of cultural materialism is established .

( 2 ) Marx ' s late - year theory exploration further enriched and developed their cultural outlook . The theory of capitalist capitalization not only explains the relationship between economic structure , political structure and cultural structure in the social organism , but also demonstrates the foundation of Marx ' s cultural thought .

The third part , the basic logic of Marx ' s cultural thought . Marx founded the historical materialism culture view with certain theoretical system with different hierarchical structure of social life .

( 1 ) The theory basis and interpretation principle of Marx ' s cultural thought . Marx sets forth the theory foundation of cultural materialism based on the realistic human and its labor practice , affirms that people ' s concept culture is not only the concept expression and the spiritual reflection of human social life , but also establishes the ultimate explanation principle of " people ' s social existence decides people ' s consciousness " .

( 2 ) The production of spiritual culture under the whole visual field of Marx ' s society . The thought of social integrity is the important content of historical materialism , and the social integrity spirit is characterized by the form of methodology . Marx expounds the connotation of spiritual culture production scientifically , and expounds the status and function of spiritual culture production in social development based on the basic principles of social integrity , and predicts the globalization trend of spiritual culture production , thus scientifically explaining the thought of spiritual culture production .

( 3 ) The ideological and historical legitimacy of culture . In Marx ' s opinion , since the era of civilization , the ruling class has always tried to treat the social spiritual culture as a tool serving the rule of the class , which is the ideological nature of the culture . However , they have played an important role in promoting the development of the human society in a certain stage of the development of the human society .

( 4 ) Scientific culture is a revolutionary force in the supreme sense . In the historical condition of the rapid development of science and technology , Marx discovered the important role of scientific culture in social development . They set the nature of the function of science and culture in a spiritual productive force and revolutionary power , and expounded the great role as a spiritual productive force in material production and social change , and pointed out that only the capitalist system that overthrew the slavery man and the scientific culture can play its great value most effectively .

The fourth part , the contemporary value of Marx ' s cultural thought . In terms of academic value , Marx ' s cultural thought deeply influenced the cultural construction and cultural development of the socialist countries .
Marx ' s cultural thought that internalizes on historical materialism provides a reasonable way of thinking for the study of cultural problems ;
Marx ' s cultural thought has a strong theoretical advantage in many contemporary cultural thoughts . Therefore , Marx ' s cultural thought is of great value to us today ' s cultural theory research and cultural construction .

【学位授予单位】：长春工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：A811

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