现代社会“异化需要”探讨

发布时间：2018-05-19 10:49

本文选题：异化 + 需要　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：人具有需要的本性,需要无不体现在人与人、人与物的关系之中。人必须依靠需要来实现自身,并以实践活动来实现和发展自己的需要。其他动物则不同,它们只是一味地继承原始的欲望,无论是它们欲望的对象还是它们对对象的欲望都是限定、被动或是无意义的,也就是说它们不能像人一样通过需要自由地表现自我,它们的欲望不能上升为一种需要,一种人的需要。然而,奇怪的是,在人的世界里,人的需要却可以降低为动物的只具有生存意义的欲望,而且这种欲望越是强烈,他作为人特性就越是微弱。在资本市场发达的现代工业社会里,一个显著特征就是市场经济,而市场经济以交换为内容,这种交换其本质就是凝聚了人的活劳动的交换。当人们发明了货币这种看似完美的中介之后,使得这种交换更富有特色：一方面它可以使劳动这种人的内在本质的东西以物的形式加以储存,随之而来的是盗窃、欺骗、掠夺等等,使得劳动——人类真正的需要变得狭隘、虚假、逼迫、肮脏。而这种货币越是成为一种资本,人类劳动被奴役、异化的程度就越大,其直接后果就是人的需要的奴役、异化。马克思在《1844年哲学经济学手稿》中曾提到了这种异化现象。据此,本文正是以现代社会人们需要的弊病为出发点,以马克思的异化理论及其需要理论作为理论依据,提出了现代社会异化需要问题,并对这个问题进行了深入探讨。本文由引言和三个章节组成。在引言部分,本文简单介绍了选题的缘由及其研究的意义；回顾了中西方学术界对异化需要问题的研究现状。在第一个章节中,首先给出了异化需要的概念,并分析它的实质和内涵。然后,以马克思的异化理论和需要理论作为理论依据,对现代社会异化需要问题的存在性进行了深入分析。第二章切入正题,首先列举了现代社会异化需要的几种表现,即需要的物质化、需要的工具化、以及需要的两极化。接着从三个方面对异化需要的现象进行了根源性分析。第一个原因是市场经济的冲击；第二是社会秩序合理性的缺失；第三是消费主义价值观的盛行、个人社会主义价值观的缺失。在第三章,本人就如何消除现代社会异化需要提出了自己的看法。一方面是从现实途径来逐步消除异化需要,首先是社会秩序合理性诉求,其次是个人合理需要观的内化,最后是以人为本的科学发展观的践行。另一方面是从理想途径来彻底消除异化需要。然而,由于异化需要产生的根本原因是社会分工和私有制,因此消除异化需要是一个长期而艰巨的历史过程,但这不是我们放弃努力的理由,毕竟任何的质变都是以量变为前提,坚信人类丰富的需要最终会得以实现。
[Abstract]:People have the nature of need, needs are reflected in the relationship between people, people and things. People must rely on needs to realize themselves, and practice to achieve and develop their own needs. Other animals are different. They simply inherit primitive desires, whether their objects of desire or their desire for objects are limited, passive or meaningless. That is to say, they cannot express themselves freely through need, and their desire cannot rise to a need, a human need. It is strange, however, that in the human world, the human need can be reduced to an animal's desire for survival only, and the stronger this desire is, the weaker its human character is. In the modern industrial society in which the capital market is developed, a remarkable characteristic is the market economy, and the market economy takes the exchange as the content. The essence of the exchange is the exchange of human's living labor. When people invented the seemingly perfect medium of money, it made the exchange more distinctive: on the one hand, it could store in the form of things, the intrinsic essence of man, labor, followed by theft, deception, Plunder and so on, make labor-the real human needs become narrow, false, forced, dirty. And the more this kind of money becomes a kind of capital, the human labor is enslaved, the degree of alienation is bigger, its direct consequence is the human need enslavement, alienation. Marx mentioned this phenomenon in the manuscript of philosophical Economics in 1844. Based on this, this paper puts forward the problem of alienation needs of modern society based on Marx's alienation theory and its need theory, and probes into this problem in depth, taking the disadvantages of people's needs in modern society as the starting point and taking Marx's alienation theory and needs theory as the theoretical basis. This paper consists of an introduction and three chapters. In the introduction part, this paper briefly introduces the reason of the topic and the significance of the research, and reviews the current situation of the research on the need for alienation in Chinese and western academic circles. In the first chapter, the concept of alienation needs is given, and its essence and connotation are analyzed. Then, based on Marx's alienation theory and need theory, the existence of alienation needs in modern society is deeply analyzed. The second chapter comes to the main point, first of all, it enumerates several manifestations of the alienation needs of modern society, that is, the materialization of the needs, the instrumentation of the needs, and the polarization of the needs. Then it analyzes the phenomenon of alienation from three aspects. The first reason is the impact of market economy; the second is the lack of social order rationality; the third is the prevalence of consumerism values and the absence of individual socialist values. In the third chapter, I put forward my own views on how to eliminate the alienation of modern society. On the one hand, the necessity of dissimilation is gradually eliminated from the realistic way, firstly, the rational demand of social order, secondly, the internalization of the view of individual reasonable need, and finally, the practice of the scientific development view of people-oriented. On the other hand, from the ideal way to eliminate the need for alienation. However, since the root cause of alienation is social division of labor and private ownership, eliminating alienation needs is a long and arduous historical process, but this is not the reason why we give up our efforts. After all, any qualitative change is based on quantitative change, convinced that the rich human needs will eventually be realized.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：A811

【参考文献】