马克思恩格斯农民问题思想研究

发布时间：2018-05-23 23:42

  本文选题：马克思 + 恩格斯　； 参考：《华中师范大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：农民问题一直是一个国家社会发展中的关键问题之一,从历史发展的进程来看,农民问题是否得到合适的处理,直接关系到国家的现代化和社会的安定。马克思和恩格斯从社会主义革命的角度出发,意识到农民不仅会在社会主义革命的过程中,因为其二元性会产生问题,即他们是保守的,甚至是反动的,而且在社会主义建设的过程中,他们会因为所谓的私有财产权意识,努力的想保留自己的小块土地,而同工业化和现代化所要求的规模化经营产生矛盾。因此,认识农民问题的本质,并探究产生这些问题的原因,以及如何去解决这些问题,就形成了马克思和恩格斯的农民问题思想。世界各国的发展都经历过农民问题的痛苦过程,人们也一直在试图科学合理地解决农民问题,建立城乡一体化。中国的农民问题由来已久,其中既有历史因素的累积,又是现实存在因素的使然。1949年中华人民共和国成立以后,农民问题是否解决了呢?答案当然是否定的。毛泽东在1955年10月第七届中央委员会第六次全体会议(扩大)上所做的报告中明确的指出,党领导农民推翻了帝国主义和封建主义,这是资产阶级民主主义性质的革命,但是工人阶级的目的,是要经过这个革命,再进一步引导农民走社会主义革命。也就是说,在资产阶级民主主义性质的革命中,党已经成功的吸引农民加入到革命的过程中来,并且取得了革命的胜利；那么党并不仅仅是只想获得革命的胜利,而且要获得社会主义建设的胜利,这就需要农民的继续支持和参与。因此,“要巩固我们的国家基础,必须巩固工农联盟。要巩固工农联盟,必须帮助农民解决问题”①,而解决农民问题必须严格的遵循一条原则,那就是真正的帮助农民,给予农民以实际的利益。当前我国的农民问题形势依然严峻,农民增收依然困难,农村空心化现象愈加严重,农业生产效益依然很低,不能满足快速发展的工业化对于农业、农村和农民的需求。在2007年,中国共产党在第十七次全国代表大会上明确提出了“建立以工促农、以城带乡长效机制,形成城乡经济社会一体化新格局”的目标,这在党的历史上还是第一次明确的将其写入党的文献。因此,在这样的大背景下,本选题就有其独特的价值和意义,马克思和恩格斯作为马克思主义的开创者和奠基者,虽然他们的理论由于时代的局限性,在有些方面已经不能适应现实的状况,但是正如恩格斯给约瑟夫·布洛赫所说,“我们在反驳我们的论敌时,常常不得不强调被他们否认的主要原则,并且不是始终都有时间、地点和机会来给其他参与相互作用的因素以应有的重视。但是,只要问题一关系到描述某个历史时期,即关系到实际的应用,那情况就不同了,这里就不容许有任何错误了”②,但是其中的基本原则,依然对我国在新时期解决农民问题具有指导性意义。本篇论文主要分为五部分：第一部分为绪论,阐述了本选题的背景以及研究的意义,对目前国内外关于马克思和恩格斯的农民问题思想的研究现状以及所存在的问题进行了总结。在这样的基础上,提出了本篇文章的研究方法、文章架构以及可能带来的创新。第二部分对马克思和恩格斯农民问题思想的发展历程进行了细致的梳理,并结合当时具体的革命实践,对马克思和恩格斯农民问题思想的发展历程进行了深入的分析和研究,首先说明马克思和恩格斯是有农民问题思想的,其次说明他们的农民问题思想是一个系统,是完善的。本部分主要从四个时期对马克思和恩格斯农民问题思想的发展历程进行解读,分别是萌芽、形成、发展、成熟时期,并着重的对形成时期也就是马克思和恩格斯一生唯一亲自参与的1848年欧洲革命进行了深入细致的分析。第三部分分析了马克思和恩格斯农民问题思想的内涵及其产生的原因,也就是说,马克思和恩格斯所认为的农民问题到底是什么问题,笔者认为主要有以下四个方面：农民角色的摇摆性与革命需要的坚定性之间的矛盾、农民政治上的脆弱性与斗争需要的主动性之间的矛盾和农民私有制的保守性与工业化的先进性之间的矛盾以及农民延续自身生存的需要与小农土地私有制必然灭亡的矛盾。而为什么会产生这些问题,笔者认为主要是山以下三个方面的原因所决定的：革命实践的需要、特殊性的农民文化以及小农土地私有制。第四部分对马克思和恩格斯解决农民问题的途径进行了探析,主要是从以下三个方面：无产阶级及其政党的正确引导,以现代的农业组织形式代替传统的农业组织形式,城乡一体化。唯有通过无产阶级及其政党的正确引导,并且以现代的农业组织形式代替传统的农业组织形式,农民的利益才会得到保障,从而以积极的姿态加入到社会主义革命和建设的过程中,最终实现城乡一体化,也就是每个人的自山而全面发展。第五部分对马克思和恩格斯农民问题思想的地位及当代价值进行了分析,其历史地位主要有以下三个方面：开创了马克思主义农民问题、马克思主义理论体系的重要组成部分和为后来的马克思主义者制定农民问题政策积累了经验,其当代价值也主要分为三个方面：运用马克思和恩格斯具体问题具体分析的精神认识和解决中国农民问题、切实保障农民的利益和提高农民素质、培育新型农民。
[Abstract]:The problem of farmers has always been one of the key problems in the social development of a country. From the process of historical development, whether the peasant problem is properly handled is directly related to the modernization of the country and the stability of the society. Marx and Engels come out from the angle of the socialist revolution and realize that the peasants will not only be in the socialist revolution. In the process, because of its duality, they have problems, that is, they are conservative, and even reactionary, and in the process of socialist construction, they will try to retain their own small land because of their so-called private property rights, which is in contradiction with the scale management required by industrialization and modernization. Therefore, know the farmers. The essence of the problem and the exploration of the causes of these problems and how to solve these problems have formed the peasants' thought of Marx and Engels. The development of all countries in the world has experienced the painful process of farmers' problems, and people have been trying to solve the problem of farmers scientifically and rationally, and establish the integration of urban and rural areas. The problem has been a long history, including the accumulation of historical factors, and the actual existence of factors. Is the problem of farmers solved after the founding of People's Republic of China in.1949? The answer is certainly negative. Mao Zedong made it clear in the report of the sixth plenary meeting (expansion) of the seventh Central Committee in October 1955. The Party led the peasants to overthrow the imperialism and feudalism, this is the bourgeois democratic revolution, but the purpose of the working class is to pass this revolution to further guide the peasants to take the socialist revolution. That is to say, in the bourgeois democratic revolution, the party has successfully attracted the peasants to join the revolution. In the course of life and the victory of the revolution, the party not only wants to win the revolution only, but also to win the socialist construction, which requires the continuous support and participation of the peasants. Therefore, "to consolidate the foundation of our country, we must consolidate the alliance of workers and peasants. To consolidate the alliance of workers and peasants, we must help the farmers to solve them." The problem of solving the problem of farmers must be strictly followed a principle, which is to really help farmers and give farmers a real benefit. The current situation of farmers in our country is still severe, the increase of farmers' income is still difficult, the phenomenon of rural hollowing is more serious, the efficiency of agricultural production is still very low, and the rapid development can not be met. In 2007, the Communist Party of China, at the Seventeenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, made clear the goal of "establishing the new pattern of promoting agriculture by working to promote agriculture and taking the city with the long-term mechanism to form a new pattern of economic and social integration between urban and rural areas" in 2007. Under such a background, this topic has its unique value and significance. Marx and Engels, as the founders and founders of Marx's doctrine, have not adapted to the reality in some respects, although their theory is limited by the times, but as Engels said to Joseph Bloch, "we are in the opposite direction." When we refute our enemies, we often have to emphasize the main principles that they deny, and not always have time, place and opportunity to give due attention to other factors involved in interaction. However, as long as the problem is related to the description of a historical period, that is, the practical application, the situation is different. There may be any mistakes, but the basic principles are still instructive for our country to solve the problem of farmers in the new period. This paper is divided into five parts: the first part is the introduction, which expounds the background and significance of the topic, and the thoughts of farmers on Marx and Engels at home and abroad. The research status and the existing problems are summarized. On this basis, the research methods, the structure and the possible innovation of this article are put forward. The second part of the second part has made a detailed review of the development of Marx and Engels's peasant problem thought, and combined with the specific revolutionary practice at that time, to Marx and The development course of Engels's peasant problem thought has been deeply analyzed and studied. First, it shows that Marx and Engels have the thought of farmers' problems. Secondly, it shows that their peasant problem thought is a system and perfect. This part mainly from the four periods of the development of the thought of Marx and Engels on Farmers' problems. Interpretation, respectively, is germination, formation, development, and maturity, and focuses on the formation period of Marx and Engels's only personal participation in the life of the 1848 European Revolution in depth and meticulous analysis. The third part of the analysis of Marx and Engels's concept of farmers and the causes of the concept of farmers, that is, Marx. What is the problem of the peasant problem that Engels thinks, and the author thinks that there are four main aspects: the contradiction between the swaying character of the peasant role and the firmness of the revolutionary needs, the contradiction between the peasant's political fragility and the initiative of the struggle and the conservatism of the peasants' private ownership and the advanced nature of the industrialization. Contradictions and the contradiction between the needs of the peasants to continue their own survival and the inevitable perdition of the private ownership of the small farmers. And why these problems arise, the author thinks that the main reasons are three aspects of the mountain below: the needs of the revolutionary practice, the special peasant culture and the private ownership of the smallholder land. The fourth part is on Marx and Engel. The way to solve the problem of farmers is discussed, mainly from the following three aspects: the correct guidance of the proletariat and its political parties, the modern agricultural organization instead of the traditional form of agricultural organization, the integration of urban and rural areas, the correct guidance of the proletariat and its political parties and the replacement of the traditional form of agricultural organization as a traditional form of agriculture. In the form of agricultural organization, the interests of the peasants will be guaranteed, so as to join in the process of socialist revolution and construction in a positive attitude, and finally to realize the integration of urban and rural areas, that is, everyone's self - development. The fifth part analyses the status and contemporary value of Marx and Engels's peasant questions. There are three main aspects of the historical status: the problem of Marx's peasants, the important part of the Marx theory system and the accumulated experience for the later Marx's policy on Farmers' problems, which are mainly divided into three aspects: the specific analysis of the specific problems of Marx and Engels We should understand and solve the problems of Chinese farmers, safeguard the interests of farmers, improve the quality of farmers and cultivate new farmers.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：A81
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本文编号：1926854