关于马克思实践自由观的思考

发布时间：2019-01-08 09:09

【摘要】：每个人的自由而全面发展,是马克思主义理论的最终目标。因此,“自由”是马克思主义理论的一个核心范畴。马克思不仅批判了以黑格尔为代表的思辨哲学那种置“现实的人”于不顾,而从想象的主体出发,以虚假的方式来满足人们对自由的渴求的做法,而且,也批判了在政治国家中自由的虚假性。在马克思看来,应该从现实的人出发,从现实的世界出发,从物质生产实践出发来理解人的自由。简而言之,自由是对人的实践来说,应该从实践理解自由问题。正是基于这点,人们通常把马克思的自由观称为“实践的自由观”(简称:实践自由观)。“实践自由观”是在对黑格尔思辨哲学的自由观和政治国家学说进行批判的过程中形成的。这种自由观从现实的人出发,从物质生产实践来理解自由,从而为人们理解自由开辟了一个新的场所,也为人们实现自由找到了一条可靠的路径。因此,相对于思辨哲学的自由观和政治国家学说所表现出来的自由观来说,它是对这两者的超越,也更具合理性。但是,随着马克思研究重心的转移(转移到政治经济学研究),对自由的认识也在不断地发生变化。例如,在《手稿》中马克思认为“自由自觉的活动”就是自由,但是在《资本论》中,马克思却认为“物质生产领域”始终是一个必然王国,在这个领域中不可能存在真正的自由。因此,马克思把真正的自由安放在了共产主义社会中的“非物质生产领域”。但是,马克思在后来又认为劳动在获得社会性、科学性后也可以是真正的自由。正因如此,后来的学者在对马克思的自由理论进行研究时得出了两种相对立的理论,即一种认为马克思的自由是一种“自我决定”,而另一种则认为马克思的自由是一种实践决定论。事实上,单纯地从表象上看,马克思的实践自由观不仅是前面两种理论的根源,也表现出了其理论的前后矛盾,而且还会造成对人的“主观能动性”的压制、“道德”的虚无、现实中人的自由的缺失和社会主义社会中人的自由的缺失等一些问题。因此,如何定位马克思的实践自由观是一个需要重新思考的问题。事实上,共产主义社会中的自由(未来的自由)是我们所向往的,但是现在的自由也应该是人们追求的目标。在笔者看来,要理解马克思的自由观和实现当下的人的自由,就要把自由看作是一个应该从实践理解的问题。从实践理解,就不仅要把实践看作是自由问题生成和发展的根基,而且也要把实践看作是实现自由的中介;不仅要把自由看作是人的实践的自觉能动性,而且也要把自由看作是人在实践中对人与‘自然’、人与‘社会’、人与‘自身’的矛盾的解决。
[Abstract]:The free and comprehensive development of everyone is the ultimate goal of Marxist theory. Therefore, freedom is a core category of Marxist theory. Marx not only criticized the speculative philosophy, represented by Hegel, which ignored the "realistic person", but began from the subject of imagination to satisfy people's thirst for freedom in a false way. It also criticizes the falsehood of freedom in political states. In Marx's view, human freedom should be understood from the real people, from the real world and from the material production practice. In short, freedom is to man's practice, should understand freedom from practice. It is based on this point that Marx's view of freedom is usually referred to as "the view of freedom of practice" (abbreviated as "view of freedom of practice"). The view of practical freedom is formed in the process of criticizing Hegel's speculative philosophy of freedom and political state theory. This kind of freedom view starts from the realistic person, understands the freedom from the material production practice, thus opens up a new place for the people to understand the freedom, also has found a reliable path for the people to realize the freedom. Therefore, compared with the speculative philosophy of freedom and political state theory, it is more reasonable to transcend the two. However, with the shift of the focus of Marx's research (to the study of political economy), the understanding of freedom is constantly changing. For example, in "manuscripts" Marx considered "free and conscious activity" to be freedom, but in "Capital," Marx thought that "the field of material production" was always a necessary kingdom. There can be no real freedom in this field. Therefore, Marx placed real freedom in the "field of intangible production" in communist society. However, Marx later believed that labor can be true freedom after obtaining social and scientific nature. For this reason, in studying Marx's theory of freedom, scholars later came up with two opposite theories, one of which was that Marx's freedom was a "self-determination". The other holds that Marx's freedom is a practical determinism. In fact, from a purely superficial point of view, Marx's view of practical freedom is not only the root of the two previous theories, but also shows the contradiction of his theory, and will also result in the suppression of man's "subjective initiative" and the nihilism of "morality". There are some problems in reality, such as the absence of human freedom and the absence of human freedom in socialist society. Therefore, how to position Marx's view of practical freedom is a problem that needs to be reconsidered. In fact, freedom in communist society (freedom of the future) is what we yearn for, but freedom now should also be our goal. In my opinion, in order to understand Marx's view of freedom and realize the freedom of human beings at present, we should regard freedom as a problem that should be understood from practice. From the perspective of practice, we should not only regard practice as the foundation of the generation and development of freedom, but also regard practice as an intermediary to realize freedom. We should regard freedom not only as the conscious initiative of human practice, but also as a solution to the contradiction between man and nature, between man and society, and between man and himself in practice.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：A811

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