聚落形态与玉器生产

发布时间：2018-05-11 13:08

本文选题：良渚文化 + 聚落形态　；参考：《山东大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：对于良渚文化的社会情况,尤其是其社会性质的研究是长期以来良渚文化研究中的一个主要课题。但由于以往的著作多是用某些局部资料来探讨良渚文化是否进入了“文明”或“国家”阶段,所以笔者认为这种研究思路或多或少都有“本末倒置”之嫌。而鉴于良渚文化的聚落形态反映的社会政治组织体系和良渚文化玉器手工业反映的玉器经济组织体系是良渚文化社会中两种最重要的社会组织体系,且两者关系紧密相连,所以本文的研究将从这两个方面着手,通过聚落形态和玉器生产者两个视角来审视良渚文化总体的社会情况及社会性质。本文的正文部分共分四章。第一章：绪论。本章第一节介绍了本文选题的缘起以及本文研究的总体思路。第二节分四个阶段回顾了良渚文化76年的发现和研究历史,介绍了各阶段良渚文化研究的主要课题和方法,以及良渚文化聚落和玉器研究的现状。第三节介绍了本文研究的具体思路、理论依据和具体方法,总体来说本文遵循从微观到宏观、从材料到理论的顺序,具体研究中则参考西方考古学的某些理论模式并结合良渚文化考古资料的现状,对良渚文化的聚落形态和玉器生产分别采用不同的方法进行分析。第二章：良渚文化的聚落形态研究。本章第一节针对以往良渚文化基础研究的不足,讨论了其中与本文紧密相关的两个问题,即良渚文化的分期和分区问题。在此基础上,本章第二、三节分别从微观和宏观两个方面研究了良渚文化的聚落形态及其体现的社会情况。在微观聚落形态的研究中,本文首先对良渚文化为数不多的几个较完整聚落做了分析,指出良渚文化的完整聚落存在生活区和墓葬区“此废彼兴”等特点；其次本文按照良渚文化墓地的等级,结合相关实例分别研究了良渚文化五个等级墓地的内部结构及其反映的社会组织情况。总体来说,笔者认为良渚文化的微观聚落反映了一种分化严重的、“首领主导式”的、以家族为基本单位的社会政治组织体系；具体来说良渚文化第一、二级墓地代表的是社会中的权贵家族,第三、四、五级墓地代表的是社会中的基层家族,但无论是哪个级别的墓地,一个墓群围绕其首领墓葬而设的布局都很明显。最后本节还对良渚文化墓地的历时性变化做了相关分析,笔者认为良渚文化墓地历时性变化的总体趋势是墓地级别越来越高,随葬品数量越来越丰富,其中高等级墓地的表现更为明显。在宏观聚落形态的研究中,本文主要按照良渚文化遗址的四个主要分布区,依次介绍了各地区聚落的总体分布情况、聚落的分级情况、聚落的历时变迁情况、宏观聚落形态的等级结构以及各地区宏观聚落形态的特点。通过以上分析,笔者认为,良渚文化的主要分布区内都普遍存在着三个或四个等级的宏观聚落组织体系。其中单个聚落、聚落小群代表了良渚文化社会的基层结构,其具体情况也最为清晰；但是在环太湖地区,宏观聚落形态的特点之一就是“单个聚落”的界限并不容易辨识。高等级聚落控制下的大聚落群代表了良渚文化中最高级别的政体。而小区级的聚落群区则可能代表了一种松散的血缘和地缘集团。最后笔者还对良渚文化宏观聚落的总体特点,以及其反映的良渚文化的社会规模、社会稳定性等做了分析；总体来说,笔者认为良渚文化分布区内部可能较均匀的分布着35个左右的最高政体,而且在整个良渚文化时期,其社会的稳定性较高,多数聚落都沿用了较长时间。第三章：良渚文化的玉器生产体系和组织研究。本章第一节引证了一些前人对良渚文化玉器和玉器纹饰功能的论述。笔者认为,良渚文化的玉器除了一些小型玉饰外,其主要的大型玉器都是礼仪性的宗教法器和墓主人身份、财富以及地位的象征,而良渚文化玉器手工业维系的主要动力就是良渚文化贵族宗教生活和政治控制的需要。本章第二至五节主要分析了良渚文化玉器生产体系研究中的核心问题,即良渚文化玉器的产地问题。其中第二节笔者通过考察良渚文化玉质和玉料产地研究的现状,本文认为良渚文化的玉料大体可以分为纯色料、杂色料和鸡骨白三种,而在长江下游地区,苏浙西部山区最有玉矿的成矿条件,而嘉兴地区基本上没有玉矿存在的可能。第三节笔者通过对良渚文化各地区和主要遗址玉器总数量、各种主要器型玉器的总数量以及玉器种类的统计分析,本文认为良渚文化玉器的数量以良渚遗址群和寺墩遗址最多,环太湖地区东南部则最少,玉器的种类则从环太湖西南部地区的良渚遗址群到环太湖西北部地区的寺墩遗址按逆时针方向依次减少。第四节笔者通过对良渚文化玉器加工流程和具体技术以及与制玉有关的直接遗存发现情况的分析,本文认为在良渚文化玉器的生产中,刻纹技术是其最关键、最复杂的技术；塘山、丁沙地、新地里等遗址是良渚文化中较确定的玉器加工地点。本章最主要的部分是第五节对良渚文化各地区和各遗址中五种主要玉器具体形制特点的详细分析,通过这些分析,笔者认为良渚文化各地区和各遗址间的玉器有较明显的区别,甚至同一墓地中不同墓葬的同类玉器也有较大不同。综合以上分析,在第六节中,笔者认为良渚文化的玉料产地主要在苏浙西部山区；良渚文化的玉器手工业主要可以分为良渚遗址群、草鞋山-寺墩、福泉山-张陵山和余杭东部-嘉兴西部四个工业区,并以前两者的规模和影响最大。这些工业区都有自己的玉器生产地点,而且在各个工业区内,都已经出现了专业的制玉工匠——虽然某些低等级聚落也能制作一些小型玉器,但大型玉器基本上都是由高等级聚落中的专业玉匠制作的。良渚文化高等级聚落生产的玉器除了自己使用外,各政体内部自上而下以及各高等级聚落之间还有一定的玉器流通。良渚文化的玉器生产组织主要是应良渚贵族需要而生的并被其控制的,它是一种由良渚文化社会政治组织衍生出来的经济组织。第四章：结论。本章第一节根据第二、三章的分析,通过与二里头文化对比,探讨了良渚文化的社会性质。具体来说,笔者认为与二里头文化相比,良渚文化的社会进化程度明显较低,其内部应有多个政治集团,且尚无“王朝气象”,它代表的应该是一种分化较严重的酋邦社会。本章第二节分析了良渚文化的玉器手工业与良渚文化社会的互动关系,笔者认为,良渚文化的玉器手工业主要是为良渚文化的贵族服务的。在此基础之上,一方面良渚文化各地区不同的聚落/人口密度和占有玉器资源的不同情况造就了其聚落形态和玉器手工业的不同——由于嘉兴西部等地区人口密度较大且没有玉器资源,导致了其宏观聚落形态上聚落等级差异较小、玉器资源分配相对较均匀；而良渚遗址群等地区由于靠近玉料产地,导致了其获得的玉器较多且宏观聚落等级差异看似较大。另一方面,良渚文化各地区占有玉器资源的不均匀性最终又导致了各地贵族集团社会影响力的不同和其高端产品组合策略的不同,即由于良渚遗址群和寺墩遗址等地的贵族占有较多的玉器资源,他们有能力修建良渚古城、寺墩墓地等宏大建筑；而嘉兴、苏沪地区由于玉器资源匮乏,当地贵族就用更倾向于使用刻纹陶器、骨牙器等高端产品来弥补这一缺陷。
[Abstract]:The social situation of Liangzhu culture, especially the study of its social nature, is a major topic in the study of Liangzhu culture for a long time. However, because most of the previous works are using some local data to explore whether Liangzhu culture has entered the stage of "civilization" or "state", the author thinks this research idea is more or less. In view of the social political organization system reflected by the settlement form of Liangzhu Culture and the jade economic organization system reflected by the Liangzhu culture, the jade economic organization system is the two most important social organization system in Liangzhu Cultural Society, and the relationship is closely connected, so the study of this article will begin from these two aspects. Through the two perspectives of settlement form and jade producer, we examine the overall social and social nature of Liangzhu culture.
The main body of this article is divided into four chapters.
The first section: introduction. The first section of this chapter introduces the origin of this topic and the general idea of the study. The second section reviews the discovery and research history of Liangzhu Culture in four stages, introduces the main topics and methods of the Liangzhu culture research at various stages, and the present situation of Liangzhu Cultural settlement and the study of jade articles. The third section introduces the present situation. In this paper, the specific ideas, theoretical basis and specific methods are used. In general, this paper follows from microcosmic to macro, from material to theory, in specific research, in reference to some theoretical models of Western archaeology and in combination with the present situation of Liangzhu Cultural archaeology, which are different in the form of Liang Zhuwen's settlement and the production of jade. The method was analyzed.
The second chapter is the study of the settlement form of Liangzhu culture. The first section of this chapter aims at the deficiency of the previous study of Liangzhu culture, and discusses the two issues closely related to this article, that is, the stages and zoning of Liangzhu culture. On this basis, the second, third section of this chapter studies Liangzhu Culture from the micro and macro aspects of the two aspects. In the study of the morphology of the micro settlement, this paper first analyzes several relatively complete settlements of Liangzhu culture, and points out that the complete settlement of Liangzhu culture has the characteristics of "the waste and the prosperity" in the living area and the tomb area. Secondly, this article according to the grade of the Liangzhu culture cemetery, combined with the relevant facts. The internal structure and social organization of the five grade cemetery of Liangzhu culture are studied respectively. In general, the author thinks that the micro settlement of Liangzhu culture reflects a social and political fabric system with a serious differentiation, "leading leading" and family as the basic unit, and the first, second grade Tomb of Liangzhu culture. The ground represents the powerful family in society. The third, fourth, five grade cemetery represents the grass-roots family in the society. However, at any level of the graveyard, the layout of a tomb around its head is very obvious. Finally, this section also analyses the diachronic changes in the Liangzhu Cultural cemetery, and I think the Liangzhu Cultural cemetery The overall trend of diachronic changes is that the graveyard level is getting higher and higher, the number of burial goods is more and more abundant, and the high grade cemetery is more obvious. In the study of macro settlement, this paper mainly according to the four main distribution areas of Liangzhu Cultural Sites, introduces the overall distribution of the settlements in each area, and the classification of the settlements. The situation, the diachronic change of the settlement, the hierarchical structure of the macro settlement and the characteristics of the macro settlement in various regions. Through the above analysis, the author thinks that there are three or four grades of macro settlement organization in the main distribution areas of Liangzhu culture. The basic structure is the most clear, but one of the characteristics of the macro settlement in the ring Taihu area is that the boundaries of the "single settlement" are not easy to identify. The large settlement group under the control of the high level settlement represents the highest level of Liangzhu culture. In the end, the author also analyzes the overall characteristics of the macro settlement of Liangzhu culture, the social scale of Liangzhu Culture and the social stability. In general, the author thinks that the interior of Liangzhu culture may be more evenly distributed over 35 of the highest regimes in the Liangzhu culture, and in the whole Liangzhu Culture. During the period, its social stability was relatively high, and most settlements continued for a long time.
The third chapter is the study of the jade production system and organization of Liangzhu culture. The first section of this chapter introduces some predecessors' exposition of the jade articles and jade ornamentation functions of Liangzhu culture. The author thinks that the jade articles of Liangzhu culture, except for some small jade ornaments, are the main large jade articles which are the ceremonial religious instruments and the masters of the tomb, wealth and land. The main motive force of the jade handicraft industry in Liangzhu culture is the need for the religious life and political control of the Liangzhu Culture aristocrats. The second to five section of this chapter mainly analyzes the core problem in the study of the Liangzhu culture system, that is, the origin of the Liangzhu Culture jade. The second section of the author examines Liangzhu culture. The present situation of the research on the origin of jade and jade is that the jade material in Liangzhu culture can be divided into three kinds: pure color material, mixed color material and chicken bone white. In the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the most jade ore-forming conditions in the western mountainous area of Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and the Jiaxing area basically there is no jade mine. The third section of the author through the Liangzhu Culture and the various regions and The total number of jade articles in the main sites, the total number of various main types of jade articles and the statistical analysis of the types of jade articles, this article holds that the number of Liangzhu Cultural jade articles is the largest in Liangzhu ruins group and temple pier site, and the least in the southeast of Taihu region, and the species of jade from Liangzhu site group in the southwest of the ring to the northwest of Taihu. In the fourth section, the author thinks that in the production of Liangzhu Culture jade, the carving technique is the most critical and most complex technology in Liangzhu culture. The most important part of this chapter is the detailed analysis of the specific features of the five main jade articles in the Liangzhu Culture and the fifth sections of the Liangzhu culture. Through these analyses, the author thinks that the jade articles between the Liangzhu culture areas and the sites are distinctly different, even the same tomb. In the sixth section, the author thinks that the jade producing area of Liangzhu culture is mainly in the western mountainous area of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Province. The jade handicraft industry of Liangzhu culture can be divided into Liangzhu ruins group, Mt. moseshan monastery, Fuquan mountain Zhangling mountain and the four industrial zones in eastern Yuhang and Western Jiaxing. And the size and influence of the previous two are the largest. These industrial areas have their own jade production sites, and in various industrial areas, professional jade craftsmen have appeared - although some low-grade settlements can also make small pieces of jade, large jade articles are basically made by professional jade craftsmen in high grade settlements. In addition to its own use, the jade articles produced by the Liangzhu culture of high grade settlements have a certain amount of jade circulation between the various political bodies and the high grade settlements. The jade production organization of Liangzhu culture is mainly born and controlled by the Liangzhu aristocracy. It is derived from the social and political organization of Liangzhu culture. An economic organization.
The fourth chapter: the first section of this chapter, according to the analysis of the second, third chapter, discusses the social nature of Liangzhu culture by comparing with the culture of Liangzhu, and the author thinks that the social evolution of Liangzhu culture is obviously lower than that of the Liangzhu culture, and there should be many political groups in it and there is no "Dynasty weather", which represents the culture. The second section of this chapter analyzes the interaction between the jade handicraft industry of Liangzhu Culture and the Liangzhu Cultural Society. The author thinks that the jade handicraft industry of Liangzhu culture is mainly for the aristocracy of Liangzhu culture. On this basis, on the one hand, the different settlements / population of Liangzhu culture are different. The difference between the density and the possession of the jade resources makes the settlement form different from the jade hand industry. Because of the large population density and no jade resources in the western regions of Jiaxing, the diversity of the settlement in the macro settlement form is relatively small and the distribution of the jade resources is relatively uniform; and the Liangzhu site group and other areas are close to it. On the other hand, the inhomogeneity of the jade resources in each area of Liangzhu Culture eventually leads to the difference of the social influence of the aristocratic groups and the different combination strategies of the high-end products, that is, the Liangzhu ruins group and the temple pier site. The aristocrats have more jade resources, they have the ability to build the ancient city of Liangzhu and the grand building of the temple cemetery. In Jiaxing, the local aristocrats are more inclined to use high-end products such as carved pottery and bone dentes to make up for this defect in the region of Suzhou and Shanghai.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K901.8;K876.3

【相似文献】