北欧家庭友好政策对女性就业的影响研究

发布时间：2018-03-19 19:42

本文选题：家庭友好政策　切入点：女性就业　出处：《河北大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：近百年来,人类劳动力市场最大的变化之一就是女性得以从繁重的家务劳动中解放出来,为劳动力市场提供了近一倍的劳动力资源,从而为男女性别平等创造了经济基础。但与此同时,妇女虽然获得了进入职业市场的权利,其女性家庭角色和工作任务之间的矛盾却越发尖锐,甚至女性天然具有的生育能力在职场中成为了阻碍女性工作职业发展的阻力,使女性在劳动力市场中处于不利地位。面对这样的困境,某些妇女选择为了生育和家庭牺牲自己的工作和事业,但也有另一些妇女,她们选择了自己的工作的同时以少生育或不生育为代价。二十世纪七十年代西方发达国家持续走低的生育率就是这一问题的具体体现,随之而来的是人口老龄化等一系列“低生育率陷阱”社会问题。为了协调女性在工作和生活中角色的冲突,国家需要制定一些列针对女性、育儿和家庭的政策来缓解这种冲突。在欧洲国家中,北欧地区表现出女性高就业率与较高生育率并存的现象引起了世界的广泛关注。这一成果主要得益于北欧的福利国家制度,尤其是家庭友好型制度设计。本文从劳动力市场的角度出发,分析北欧的家庭友好政策如何协调女性工作和家庭生活的冲突。首先本文对北欧的家庭友好性政策的发展历史和制度特点进行全面梳理以及对女性就业现状进行描述和分析;继而在前人研究的基础上运用理论分析与实证分析相结合的方法,分析了家庭友好型政策对女性就业影响的作用机制和原理;为分析北欧家庭友好政策对女性就业的具体影响,本文选取欧盟统计局网站2005-2014年北欧国家政府在产假、父母假、间断性育儿假和儿童照料方面的开支和20-45岁女性的就业率为样本,使用面板数据回归模型对北欧家庭友好政策支出对育龄期女性就业率的影响进行测度。实证结果显示:北欧父母假政府开支总额和儿童照料开支总额对育龄期女性的就业率呈显著正影响;此外,本文还指出家庭友好政策在促进女性就业方面存在的不足支出及原因,并提出相应的政策建议。同样,随着“二孩政策”的全面开放和女性受教育程度的普遍提高,中国女性也面临着工作-家庭冲突的困境,本文最后分析了北欧家庭友好政策对中国的借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:In the last hundred years, one of the biggest changes in the human labor market has been the liberation of women from heavy domestic work, which has provided the labour market with nearly twice the amount of labor resources. This creates an economic foundation for gender equality between men and women. But at the same time, while women have acquired the right to enter the job market, the contradiction between their family roles and their work tasks has become increasingly acute. Even the natural fertility of women in the workplace has become a hindrance to their career development, putting women at a disadvantage in the labour market. Some women choose to sacrifice their jobs and careers for the sake of fertility and family, but others, They chose their jobs at the expense of having fewer or no children. In 1970s, the declining fertility rate in the western developed countries was a concrete manifestation of this problem. A series of "low fertility trap" social problems, such as the aging population, follows. In order to reconcile the conflict of women's roles in work and life, the state needs to develop a series of targeted social problems for women. Childcare and family policies have been used to alleviate this conflict. In the European countries, the phenomenon of high female employment and high fertility rates in the Nordic region has aroused widespread concern around the world. This achievement is largely due to the Nordic welfare state system. Especially the design of family-friendly system. This paper analyzes how the family friendly policies of Northern Europe coordinate the conflict between women's work and family life. Firstly, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the development history and institutional characteristics of the family friendly policy in Northern Europe and describes and analyzes the present situation of women's employment. On the basis of previous studies, this paper analyzes the mechanism and principle of the effect of family-friendly policies on women's employment by combining theoretical analysis with empirical analysis, in order to analyze the specific impact of family friendly policies on women's employment in northern Europe. This paper selects the Eurostat website 2005-2014 as a sample of the spending of Nordic governments on maternity leave, parental leave, intermittent parental leave and child care, as well as the employment rate of women aged 20-45. The panel data regression model is used to measure the effect of family friendly policy expenditure on the employment rate of women in childbearing age. The empirical results show that the total amount of parental leave government expenditure and the total child care expenditure on women of childbearing age. The sexual employment rate was significantly positive; In addition, this paper also points out the insufficient expenditure and reasons of family-friendly policies in promoting women's employment, and puts forward corresponding policy recommendations. Similarly, with the opening up of the "two-child policy" and the general improvement of women's educational level, Chinese women also face the dilemma of work-family conflict. Finally, this paper analyzes the significance of Nordic family-friendly policy to China.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：C913.68;F249.1

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