武装组织的社会性克制：参与进程与儿童兵规范的传播

发布时间：2018-05-31 00:11

本文选题：参与进程 + 社会性克制　；参考：《外交学院》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：本文的核心问题是：为什么有的武装组织放弃招募和使用儿童兵，选择社会性克制呢？该问题源于经验现实的困惑。在当代内战与武装冲突中，儿童沦为武装组织袭击和招募的目标。招募和使用儿童兵是武装组织理性、现实的选择。但是，越来越多的武装组织选择放弃招募和使用儿童兵，保持行为克制。武力打击、法律威慑与惩罚、间接政治施压和经济制裁有一定的作用，但是更容易激起武装组织的反抗和报复，进而招募更多的儿童兵。本文提出了以“参与进程”为核心概念的理论分析框架，旨在探讨武装组织选择社会性克制的动力与进程问题。参与进程是指：行动者参加、维持和发展社会实践与社会意义的动态关系。社会性克制是指：有能力、有意愿招募和使用儿童兵的武装组织放弃招募和使用儿童兵，接受国际人道主义规范，保持自我行为克制。本文假设：参与进程有助于说服武装组织学习和接受新规范、放弃招募和使用儿童兵、保持行为克制。参与进程强调接触、对话和谈判，重视过程性因素。通过监测和报告机制、制度设计两大规范传播机制，武装组织在国际、国内和平进程中的参与实践有助于推动武装组织学习新规范，催生信任与合作意识，重新界定行动意义与利益，进而导致渐进式变化，保持行为克制。此外，武装组织的参与程度也影响其接受和遵守规范的程度。本文选取了冷战后布隆迪与乌干达境内的武装组织作为对比案例。布隆迪境内的武装组织主要是保卫民主全国委员会—保卫民主力量、胡图人解放党—民主解放力量。通过参与国际、国内进程，他们最后都放弃招募和使用儿童，释放了部队内的儿童兵，因此从“黑名单”中删除。与此形成鲜明对比的案例是乌干达上帝抵抗军。联合国仍未同上帝抵抗军进行直接接触与对话，而乌干达人民国防军的军事行动宣告朱巴和平进程失败。迄今，上帝抵抗军仍在招募和使用儿童兵，并犯有杀戮、残害、强奸等侵害儿童的罪行。上述案例表明，参与进程有助于说服武装组织放弃招募和使用儿童兵，选择社会性克制；在国际、国内和平进程的参与程度越高，武装组织越容易接受规范。
[Abstract]:The core question of this paper is: why did some armed groups abandon the recruitment and use of child soldiers and opt for social restraint? The problem stems from the confusion of empirical reality. In contemporary civil wars and armed conflicts, children are the targets of attacks and recruitment by armed groups. The recruitment and use of child soldiers is a rational and realistic choice for armed groups. However, an increasing number of armed groups are opting to forgo the recruitment and use of child soldiers and exercise restraint. Force strikes, legal deterrence and punishment, indirect political pressure and economic sanctions have a certain effect, but they are more likely to provoke resistance and retaliation by armed groups and thus recruit more child soldiers. In this paper, a theoretical analysis framework based on the concept of "participatory process" is proposed, which aims at exploring the motive force and process of the choice of social restraint by armed organizations. Participatory process refers to the participation, maintenance and development of the dynamic relationship between social practice and social significance. Social restraint means that armed organizations that have the ability and will to recruit and use child soldiers abandon the recruitment and use of child soldiers, accept international humanitarian norms, and exercise self-restraint. This paper assumes that participatory processes help to persuade armed groups to learn and accept new norms, to forgo the recruitment and use of child soldiers, and to exercise restraint. Participatory processes emphasize engagement, dialogue and negotiation, and focus on process factors. Through the monitoring and reporting mechanism, the system designs two major normative dissemination mechanisms. The participation of armed organizations in international and domestic peace processes helps to promote the armed organizations to learn new norms and to create a sense of trust and cooperation. Redefine the meaning and interests of action, and then lead to gradual change and exercise restraint. In addition, the level of participation of armed groups also affects their acceptance of and compliance with norms. This paper chooses the armed groups in Burundi and Uganda after the Cold War as a contrast case. The main armed groups in Burundi are CNDD-FDD, PAHUTU-FDLR. By participating in international and domestic processes, they eventually abandoned the recruitment and use of children and released child soldiers from the ranks, thus removing them from the "blacklist". In stark contrast, Uganda's Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). The United Nations has yet to engage in direct contact and dialogue with the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), while the UPDF military operation has failed the Juba peace process. To date, LRA continues to recruit and use child soldiers and commit crimes against children such as killing, maiming and rape. The above examples show that participatory processes help to persuade armed groups to abandon the recruitment and use of child soldiers and to opt for social restraint; at the international level, the greater the level of participation in the internal peace process, the easier it is for armed groups to accept norms.
【学位授予单位】：外交学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D815

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