俄罗斯北极战略下的能源政策与航道政策

发布时间：2018-07-03 00:51

本文选题：俄罗斯 + 北极战略　；参考：《中国海洋大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：进入21世纪以来，北极地区的战略重要性不断增长，并且已经逐步列入全球地缘政治和经济日程，它不仅与这一地区内的国家相关，也与本地区之外的世界大国密切相关。可以预期，随着全球经济的不断发展，针对能源资源争夺和海上运输安全，在北极地区的全球竞争将会日趋激烈。北极地区在世界范围内居于独特的地缘位置,在特定的条件和环境下更容易进入别国的战略视野,因此突显着重要的地缘战略价值。俄罗斯作为濒临北冰洋同时拥有北极圈内最长海岸线的国家，尤其关注自己在北极地区的战略利益,这不仅是由于北极地区是俄罗斯今后的资源战略基地，还因为北极航道是俄罗斯未来的国家运输干线，更在于北极海域是俄罗斯长久的战略安全屏障。 2009年3月30日俄罗斯政府正式公布了本国首部关于开发俄属北极地区的纲领性文件—《2020年前俄罗斯联邦北极地区国家政策原则及远景规划》，该文件是一份全面的、系统的、综合性的指导纲领，是国家大战略的组成部分，，决定了俄罗斯国家经济的发展动向和北极地缘政治的未来走势。从启动这项国家政策三年多的进展来看，俄罗斯已经在俄属北极地区的开发中取得了显著的成就，尤其是在能源资源的开发和北极航道的建设方面。为适应国内外政治经济环境的变化和挑战，俄罗斯政府于2009年11月13日公布了《2030年前俄罗斯能源战略》，修正和完善了2003年公布的《2020年前俄罗斯能源战略》，从而形成了比较系统和全面的俄罗斯国家能源长期的发展战略，由此逐渐加快了对北极地区能源资源开发的步伐。能源在俄罗斯的国家发展战略中一直处于重要地位，随着原有资源基地开采量的逐年减少，开辟与控制新的能源基地对于俄罗斯具有重要的战略意义。在当今世界范围内能源资源消耗日渐加大的背景下，俄罗斯北冰洋滨海地区和西伯利亚地区无疑将成为欧洲乃至整个世界最重要的燃料供应地。欧洲对俄罗斯北极油气资源的大量需求和气候变化成为开通北极航道的重要推动力。此外，通过对大量船舶服务收费赚取丰厚利润，也是俄罗斯开发北极航道的重要原因之一。在当前国际法和海洋法背景下，难以界定北方海航道海峡的法律地位，但依据国际习惯法，北方海航道中相关海峡的性质应属于“用于国际航行”的海峡，即国际海峡，外国船舶应享有过境通行权。俄罗斯政府不断制定和出台多项法令，对北方海航道实施垄断性控制，引起了有关国家强烈的不满，法律和政治上的不确定性是北方海航道问题的症结所在。中国虽为非北极国家，但北极对于中国而言同样具有重要的战略意义。一直以来，中国的北极研究的重点主要在于应对气候环境变化趋势及对中国气候和环境的影响。今后，中国应积极从保障国家能源供应和海上运输安全的国家长期发展的战略高度来重新思考和定位中国的北极政策。
[Abstract]:Since the twenty-first Century, the strategic importance of the Arctic region has been growing, and has been gradually included in the global geopolitical and economic agenda. It is not only related to the countries in this region, but also closely related to the world powers outside the region. It is expected that, with the continuous development of the global economy, the competition for energy resources and maritime transportation is also expected. The global competition in the Arctic will be increasingly fierce. The Arctic region is in a unique geographical position in the world, and it is more likely to enter the strategic vision of other countries under specific conditions and circumstances. Therefore, it highlights the important geo strategic value. The country, in particular, pays special attention to its strategic interests in the Arctic, not only because the Arctic is a Russian resource strategic base for the future, but also because the Arctic channel is the future national transport trunk of Russia, and the Arctic sea is a long-term strategic security barrier for Russia.
In March 30, 2009, the Russian government officially published its first programme document on the development of the Russian Arctic Region - the national policy principles and vision of the Russian Federation Arctic region before <2020. The document is a comprehensive, systematic and comprehensive guiding programme, which is a component of the national strategy and has decided Russia. The development trend of the national economy and the future trend of the Arctic geopolitics. From the development of this national policy for more than three years, Russia has made remarkable achievements in the development of the Russian Arctic, especially in the development of energy resources and the construction of the Arctic channel. To adapt to the changes of the political and economic environment at home and abroad. In November 13, 2009, the Russian government announced the Russian energy strategy of <2030 years ago, revised and perfected the Russian energy strategy published in 2003, thus forming a relatively systematic and comprehensive long-term development strategy for Russian national energy, which gradually accelerated the development of energy resources in the Arctic region. Energy has been in an important position in the national development strategy of Russia. With the decrease of the original resource base mining volume year by year, it has important strategic significance for Russia to open up and control the new energy base. In the context of the increasing consumption of energy resources in the world today, the Russian Arctic Ocean coastal area and the West The Berian region will undoubtedly become the most important fuel supply in Europe and the whole world. The large demand and climate change of the Russian Arctic oil and gas resources have become an important driving force for the opening of the Arctic channel. In addition, it is also an important reason for Russia to develop the Arctic channel by making a rich profit on a large number of shipping services. In the context of the current international law and the law of the sea, it is difficult to define the legal status of the Strait of the North Sea, but according to international customary law, the nature of the Strait in the North sea air channel should belong to the Straits "for international navigation", that is, the International Straits, and the foreign vessels should enjoy the right of crossing the border. The law, the monopoly control of the northern sea waterway, caused the strong dissatisfaction of the countries concerned. The legal and political uncertainty is the crux of the North sea air road problem.
Although China is a non Arctic country, the Arctic is of great strategic significance to China. The focus of the study on the Arctic is to deal with the trend of climate change and the impact on China's climate and environment. The strategic height of the exhibition is to rethink and position China's Arctic policy.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D851.2;P941.62

【引证文献】