清代徽州契约文书所见“中人”研究

发布时间：2018-01-05 13:06

本文关键词：清代徽州契约文书所见“中人”研究　出处：《安徽师范大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：“中人”只是一个概括性的称谓,自周至清“中人”的具体称谓不断沿革与变化。同被称为“中人”,但在实际的生活中其扮演的角色不同、担当的职能不同。为区别他们的职能分工,明确他们对应的责任,不断衍生出“中人”多种多样的具体称谓。“中人”身份选择不以地位、经济、威望为拘,“面子”的大小并不是选择“中人”的绝对标准。一般亲族较为普遍的担任中人,妇女、佃人也可以作中参与到契约关系中。中人的选择是契约双方根据具体情况、实际需要,在其特定的乡土社会网络中,亲疏、远近、尊卑自由组合选择的结果,自身品质良好的任何人都可以成为中人。当交易涉及金额较大、女性作为立契者或卖方也以一个群体出现时,中人多以群体出现。“中人群体”并非一个十分固定的人群,因此群体中“中人”的社会身份组合也各不相同,一般由族人组成、亲人组成或亲友和族人共同组成。中人群体使得契约在公众认同的基础上享有了更大的效力,也为违约行为产生后或纠纷发生后的解决提供了更可靠的“人证”保障。中人的报酬主要有银两、宴请、物品三种类型。中资一般不低于交易总额的2%不超过10%,在5%左右的居多,清中期以前比值略低于清中晚期。中资占交易额的比值与中人和契约双方的关系、发挥的作用多少都有关系。报酬由哪一方支付是带有不固定、可变动性的,它主要是依据两点:一是“成破”双方的经济地位;二是对契约合同的遵守情况。在大多数情况下,获取报酬并不是中人作中的动因和目的。中人的作用分实质性作用与象征性意义两种。中人的责任具有无限期性。中人调解普遍存在于各种类型的纠纷中,扮演着民间秩序维护者的角色。中人调解的依据并不是法理,而是以传统的风俗、情理、情面作为调解的准则。中人的调解并不是万能的,它有诸多的局限:调解的效用只能靠当事人的个人信誉,以及其对周围舆论的遵从;调解以情为准则,为达到和解的局面,中人甚至会劝说权利人放弃其应有的权力,以得到契约关系的稳定与无讼的结果,这往往会造成理亏的一方不断提出要求,如反复“找价”“加价”的现象。
[Abstract]:"People" is a general appellation, since the specific title Zhouzhi Qing "human" continuous evolution and change. The same is known as the "people", but in real life it plays a different role, play different functions. The difference between their functions, they should be clear of the the responsibility, to create "the title" variety. "People choose not to" identity status, economy, prestige becomes the "face" of the size is not the choice of "absolute standard". The general common people as family, women, people can be in a to participate in the contractual relationship. In the people's choice is the contract according to the specific circumstances of the actual needs, in the specific local social network, solidarity, distance, and free combination selection results, anyone can become a good quality of their own people. When the transaction amount involved The larger, women as contractors or the seller in a group, people in groups. "People" is not a fixed population, so the combination of social identity groups "people" are different, generally by the ethnic composition, relatives or relatives and common people. In the group of people who makes the contract. Based on public identity have a greater effect, but also to provide a more reliable guarantee to solve the "witness" or the dispute after the breach. The reward is mainly silver, dinner, three types of goods. Chinese is generally not less than the total amount of transactions 2% no more than 10%, mostly around 5%, slightly lower than the ratio of mid Qing Dynasty before the mid and late Qing Dynasty. The ratio of turnover accounted for the relationship between Chinese people and with the contract and play the role of how many have a relationship. Paid by a party which is not a fixed pay zone Fixed, variable in nature, it is mainly based on two points: one is "broken" on both sides of the economic status; two is to abide by the contract. In most cases, people get paid and not as the motivation and purpose. In the role of a substantive role and symbolic significance two. People with indefinite responsibility. People mediation exists in all types of disputes, plays the role of maintaining civil order. People mediation is not legal, but by the traditional custom, reasonable, sensibilities as mediation standards. People's mediation is not a panacea and it has many limitations: the mediation effects only depend on the parties of personal credibility, and to comply with the surrounding public opinion; mediation with emotion as the criterion, in order to achieve reconciliation of the situation, people may even persuade people to give up its right to power, to obtain contractualrelationships stability The results of non litigation, which often causes the wrong side constantly demands, such as repeated "find" price increase "phenomenon.

【学位授予单位】：安徽师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：K892.2

【参考文献】