依海兴族:东南沿海传统海商家谱与海洋文化

发布时间：2018-05-05 11:07

  本文选题：海洋 + 文明　； 参考：《学术月刊》2016年01期

【摘要】：于逢春认为宋元之际中国海洋文明海陆双重帝国架构渐渐成型,由于明清时期将"禁海"作为长期国策,且将海商及海外华侨作为异己力量予以镇压。同时,经常默许乃至联合西方殖民者迫害或屠杀海外华人华侨,使得中国民间海上力量生存空间愈益萎缩乃至蓬勃发展的海洋文明一度出现中衰,但海洋文明的基因和价值仍在。李庆新认为明代海外贸易分为官方经营的朝贡(贡舶)贸易与私商经营的商舶贸易两种形式。明前期,朝廷于浙闽粤三省置市舶司,管理朝廷贸易,因而三省成为明前期主要对外贸易区域。明中叶海外贸易发生转型,以民间走私为主的商舶贸易逐渐成为主流。官方调整贸易管理政策,在广东、福建形成"地方主导"型的贸易制度,这种各有损益、各具特色的政策促进两省海外贸易保持发展势头,成为中国对外贸易的中心和东亚海洋贸易的重要枢纽。陈国灿认为中国传统海商群体兴起始于唐宋,至明清时逐渐形成不同特色的海洋贸易集团,其经营形态具有鲜明的族缘性和地缘性。海商家族依托海上贸易而兴,海商又在家谱编修活动中扮演积极的角色,使得为数众多的海商家谱成为传统谱牒文献颇具特色的组成部分,其中包含了海商活动和海洋社会的大量信息,反映出海商群体的组织结构和运作方式,也从地方层面折射出中国海洋文化的丰富内涵与特点。郑莉认为明清时期,沿海民众为了维持世代相传的生计模式,仍然持续不断地移居海外,在中国周边地区形成了规模庞大的海外华人社会。海外移民定居之后,为了维持原有的宗教信仰和文化传统,在异国他乡建立了各种不同形式的庙宇、坟山与祠堂,形成了华人社会特有的庙宇网络。这种庙宇网络以同乡、同族、同业为基础,以宗教仪式活动为纽带,既相对独立,又相互联结,建构了跨地域与跨国界的社会文化联系,体现了中国民间的海洋文化传统。。
[Abstract]:Yu Fengchun thought that during the Song and Yuan dynasties, the dual imperial structure of China's marine civilization had gradually taken shape. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the "ban on the sea" was regarded as a long-term national policy, and the sea merchants and overseas Chinese were suppressed as a dissident force. At the same time, it often acquiesced or even United with Western colonists to persecute or slaughter overseas Chinese and overseas Chinese, making the living space of the Chinese folk and maritime forces increasingly shrinking and even the marine civilization flourishing once in decline. But the genes and values of marine civilization remain. Li Qingxin thought that overseas trade in Ming Dynasty was divided into official tributary trade and private merchant trade. In the early Ming Dynasty, the court managed the court trade in Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong provinces, so the three provinces became the main foreign trade regions in the early Ming Dynasty. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, the overseas trade was transformed, and the commercial vessel trade, which was dominated by folk smuggling, gradually became the mainstream. The official readjustment of trade management policies and the formation of a "local-led" trade system in Guangdong and Fujian, which have their own gains and losses, and which have their own characteristics, have promoted the two provinces to maintain the momentum of development of overseas trade. To become the center of China's foreign trade and an important hub of East Asian maritime trade. Chen Guocan believed that the rise of Chinese traditional maritime business groups began in the Tang and Song dynasties, and gradually formed different characteristics of marine trade groups during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The family of sea merchants was born on the basis of maritime trade, and they played an active role in the compilation of genealogy, which made a large number of family trees of sea merchants a characteristic part of the traditional genealogy literature. It contains a great deal of information about the activities of the sea merchants and the marine society, which reflects the organization structure and operation mode of the maritime merchants group, and also reflects the rich connotation and characteristics of the Chinese marine culture from the local level. Zheng Li believes that during the Ming and Qing dynasties, coastal people continued to emigrate in order to maintain the mode of livelihood passed down from generation to generation, forming a large overseas Chinese society in the surrounding areas of China. In order to maintain the original religious beliefs and cultural traditions, various forms of temples, tombs and ancestral halls were set up in foreign countries after the immigrants settled abroad, forming the unique temple network of the Chinese society. This kind of temple network is based on the same country, the same clan and the same profession, takes the religious ritual activity as the link, is not only relatively independent, but also connected with each other, and constructs the social and cultural connection across regions and national boundaries, which embodies the Chinese folk marine cultural tradition.
【作者单位】： 浙江师范大学环东海海疆与海洋文化研究院、江南文化研究中心;浙江师范大学环东海海疆与海洋文化研究院、人文学院;
【基金】：浙江省哲学社会科学规划重大项目“东海西岸古代海商家谱文献整理与研究”(14YSXK05ZD) 浙江省哲学社会科学重点研究基地江南文化研究中心重点课题“古代两浙地区海商谱牒文献研究”的阶段性成果
【分类号】：G127
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本文编号：1847459