在华韩国旅居者隐性偏见研究

发布时间：2018-07-15 14:10

【摘要】：在全球化的背景下,以旅居者、移民为代表的外来族群大量在中国定居、散居,外来族群与中国国民间的冲突成为日益突出的社会问题。本文围绕隐性偏见这一主题,以在大连居住的部分韩国旅居者为研究对象,通过对这些韩国旅居者的群体间态度进行考量,反思偏见的隐蔽性和复杂性。首先,采用情境实验法、问卷调查法以及深度访谈法对部分韩国旅居者的隐性偏见进行考察。实验的结果表明,被试对中国人抱有双重态度。同时,访谈结果显示,受访韩国旅居者在一定程度上对中国人抱有双重态度,存在态度上的不一致性。而与本研究中的韩国旅居者交往的中国人大多能够感知到韩国旅居者的隐性偏见,能够感知到这些韩国旅居者同时存在内隐消极态度和外显积极态度。研究显示,韩国旅居者在态度上的不一致性增加了交往情境中的不可预测性和不确定性。其次,本文尝试性地对隐性偏见的外化表征进行初步探索,将隐性偏见的外化表征分为语言偏见、非言语偏见、认知偏见和行为偏见四个部分。韩国旅居者通过语言的策略性表达显露着自己对内／外群体的内隐态度和看法,带有偏见的语言同时呈现着对他者隐含偏见的思维方式；在中韩群体间交往中,当抱有双重态度的韩国旅居者试图掩饰内心的偏见时,脸上呈现的短暂的微表情会暴露内心对中国人真实的想法和感受；韩国旅居者对中国人的认知隐性偏见在于,评价作为外群体的中国人和内群体时倾向于采用双重标准,这种认知上的隐性偏见同时体现在这些韩国旅居者对中国人的行为方式之中。第三,本文集中分析了韩国人对中国人隐性偏见的缘起。群体间隐性态度的形成往往源自多重视角,是心理冲突和文化冲突共同作用的结果。从历史的层面来看,高句丽民族为了抵御疾病、适应恶劣的生存环境,形成了规避、贬损外群体的倾向。在旅居者-东道国国民权力地位不对等的群体间交往语境下,韩国旅居者在主观上对自身所属群体做出积极的评价,赋予自身所属群体积极的品质,能够提升自我认同感。文化的相似性(即文化距离小)并不代表没有群体间偏见或群体间偏见处于低水平,象征威胁所导致的冲突性关系形成了隐性偏见。在过去的十多年里,韩国和中国民间的文化冲突和隐性矛盾往往集中在文化相似性上,凸显为对于物质文化遗产和非物质文化遗产归属的文化符号之争。摒弃中国元素,寻找自己的文化轴心和文化载体,增强文化的归属感和民族存在感成为韩国人潜在的文化自觉。第四,本文考察了偏见的策略性隐藏以及显性偏见与隐性偏见的相互转化。韩国旅居者通过文化他者的尺度来衡量一个交流语境下适当的态度和行为,折射出韩国旅居者的双重意识(民族主义和融入主义)和双重身份(如既是韩国人又是在华旅居者)所引发的内在冲突。第五,本文进一步考察了隐性偏见对中韩群体间交往的影响。韩国旅居者对中国人的隐性偏见不仅作用于旅居者本人和与其互动的中国人(直接交往),而且还向旅居者的朋友或家人延伸(间接交往)。隐性偏见不仅会使持有双重态度的韩国旅居者的群体间焦虑增加,表现出对作为外群体的中国人的“偏爱”倾向,还会对其文化适应产生消极影响。中韩群体间交往是一种双向适应过程。韩国旅居者对中国人所持有的消极态度越多,韩国旅居者所认为的中国人对自己持有的消极态度也越多；同样地,中国人对韩国旅居者的消极态度越多,中国人所认为的韩国旅居者对自己持有的消极态度也越多,这种预设隐性消极态度会对韩国旅居者与中国人的实际交往产生深刻的负面影响。韩国旅居者是具有独特身份、跨界生存的少数群体,旅居者作为其所属群体的“代表人物”与中国人进行群体间交往,在中国的旅居者与本土的亲友沟通、旅居者短期休假或完成旅居生活回国时,会将他们对中国人的态度通过口耳相传、书面文字的形式传播给本国民众。旅居者隐性偏见的消极作用在于,他们对中国人的隐性偏见会通过这种“延伸交往”的间接方式影响在本土的亲人和朋友(在韩韩国人)对中国人的态度。本研究中的韩国旅居者对中国人的态度和评价当中显示出对中国人的隐性偏见,这种消极态度不同于其对中国人的积极外显态度。韩国旅居者对中国人偏见的隐蔽性和复杂性,增加了中韩群体间互动中的焦虑和不确定性,对中韩群体间交往会产生定消极影响。在充分认识隐性偏见对中韩群体间交往以及更加广泛的群体间交往的影响的基础上,才有可能克服人性的弱点,在理解和沟通中恢复人类的道德力量。
[Abstract]:In the context of globalization, a large number of alien ethnic groups represented by the inhabited and emigrated were settled, scattered, and the conflict between the foreign ethnic groups and Chinese nationals became an increasingly prominent social problem. This paper, focusing on the theme of recessive prejudice, took the Korean travelers living in Dalian as the research object, through the Korean travellers. The intergroup attitude is taken into consideration, reflecting the concealment and complexity of prejudice.
First, the recessive prejudice of some Korean travellers was examined by the situational experiment, questionnaire and deep interview. The results of the experiment showed that the Chinese people had a dual attitude. At the same time, the interview results showed that the visiting Korean travellers had a double attitude towards the Chinese, and there was a disagreement in attitude. Most of the Chinese people who associate with the Korean sojourner in this study can perceive the implicit prejudice of the Korean travellers, and can perceive the implicit negative attitude and the positive attitude of the South Korean travellers. The study shows that the inconsistency of the Korean travellers in their attitudes increases the unpredictability of the situation in the communication. Uncertainty.
Secondly, this article tries to make a tentative exploration of the externalization of implicit prejudice, and divides the externalization of implicit prejudice into four parts: linguistic bias, non verbal prejudice, cognitive bias and behavioral prejudice. At the same time, language presents a way of thinking of the other's implicit prejudice; in the intercourse between China and South Korea, when a Korean traveler who has a dual attitude tries to disguise his inner prejudice, the short expression on his face exposes the true thoughts and feelings of the Chinese, and the implicit prejudice of the Korean traveler to the Chinese people lies in the implicit prejudice of the Korean traveler. The evaluation of the Chinese and internal groups as an external group tends to adopt a double standard, and the cognitive recessive prejudice is also reflected in the way these Korean travellers behave to the Chinese.
Third, this article concentrates on the origin of the Korean people's recessive prejudice to the Chinese people. The formation of the recessive attitude among groups is often derived from multiple perspectives, which is the result of the common effect of psychological conflict and cultural conflict. From a historical level, the high togogo nation has formed a circumvention and derogatory loss to the outside group in order to resist the disease and adapt to the bad living environment. In the context of intergroup communication between the travellers and the host country's national power status, the Korean travellers make a positive evaluation of their own groups subjectively, give the positive quality of their own group, and enhance their self identity. Cultural similarity (i.e., the small text distance) does not mean that there is no inter group prejudice or group. In the past more than 10 years, the cultural clashes and implicit contradictions among the people in South Korea and China are often concentrated on cultural similarities, which have highlighted the cultural symbols of the material and cultural heritage and the intangible cultural heritage in the past more than 10 years. It is a potential cultural consciousness for Koreans to find their cultural axes and cultural carriers, enhance their sense of belonging and national existence.
Fourth, this paper examines the strategic concealment of prejudice and the mutual transformation of dominant and recessive prejudices. The Korean travellers measure the appropriate attitudes and behavior in an exchange context through the scale of the other culture, reflecting the dual consciousness (nationalism and integration) and dual identity of the Korean travellers (such as both Korean and South Koreans. " It is the internal conflict caused by the Chinese brigade.
Fifth, this paper further examines the influence of implicit prejudice on intergroup exchanges between China and Korea. The recessive prejudice of Korean sojourner to Chinese people not only affects the traveler himself and its interacting Chinese (direct contacts), but also extends (indirect contact) to the traveler's friends or family. The increase of anxiety among the group of Chinese people in the country has shown the tendency of "favoritism" to the Chinese as an external group, and also has a negative influence on its cultural adaptation. The intergroup communication between China and South Korea is a two-way adaptation process. The more negative attitudes of the Korean travellers to the Chinese, the more the Chinese people think that the Chinese people of the Korean travellers hold themselves to themselves. The more negative attitudes are, the more negative attitudes of Chinese people to South Korean travellers and the more negative attitudes of Korean travellers that Chinese people think of them. This presupposition of implicit negative attitude will have a deep negative impact on the actual communication between the Korean traveler and the Chinese. Identity, the minority of cross boundary survival, the traveler, as the "representative" of its group, interacts with the Chinese, and the travellers in China communicate with their native relatives, the travellers' short vacation or the return of their living in the residence, they will transmit their attitude to the Chinese by word of mouth and written form. To the people of the country, the negative effect of the recessive prejudice of the traveler is that the implicit prejudice against the Chinese people will affect the attitude of the native relatives and friends (in Korean and Korean) to the Chinese in the indirect way of the "extended communication".
In this study, the attitude and evaluation of the Korean sojourner to the Chinese show the implicit prejudice against the Chinese. This negative attitude is different from the positive attitude towards the Chinese. The concealment and complexity of the prejudice of the Korean travellers to the Chinese people increase the anxiety and uncertainty in the interaction between China and South Korea, and the Chinese and Korean groups. It is possible to overcome the weakness of human nature and restore the moral strength of human beings in understanding and communication.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：G0

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